地层的

According to the natures of the 3rd-sequence, two kinds of facies-change surfaces and two kinds of diachrononism in stratigraphical records, the sequence stratigraphic framework can be established.

在前人岩相古地理研究的基础上，根据三级层序的两大特征——"空间上相序的有序性和时间上环境变化的同步性"，并考虑到地层记录中的两种相变面和两种穿时性――"静态相变面及其相变面穿时、动态相变面及其间断面穿时"，建立研究区域志留系的层序地层格架，并在此基础上从沉积物的时间演化序列和沉积相的空间展布形式入手，恢复其古地理背景。

During early middle Jurassic period, Quemocuo formation in NQB was offshore lake deposition with marine feature, in SQB was shelf deposition, which indicted that an intense rifting and sea level rising with more large range, and consequently, eroding area was shrunk and deposition area was expanded.4. According to the result of stratigraphic surface features, division and correlation, and the paleographic characteristic, Qiangtang Basin during late Triassic -early middle Jurassic period could be divided into two basin developing stages with difficult tectonic nature, remnent epicontinental basin stage in Carian -early Norian of late Triassic and rifting basin stage in middle Norian of late Triassic - early middle Jurassic period respectively.

雀莫错组在羌北盆地为近海湖泊沉积，更具海相色彩：南羌塘主要为外陆棚沉积，反映羌塘盆地再次发生较强烈的裂陷作用和较大幅度的海平面上升，形成陆源剥蚀区缩小，沉积覆盖面增大的古地理面貌。4、根据地层界面特征、地层划分与对比结果和岩相古地理演化特征可将晚三叠世—中侏罗世早期羌塘盆地划分为两个不同构造性质的盆地发展时期，分别为晚三叠世卡尼期—若利早期的残留内陆表海沉积盆地发展与消亡时期和晚三叠世若利期中晚期—中侏罗世早期的裂陷盆地的形成与发展时期。

The hydrologic cycle, a major topi c in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.

水文循环，作为该学科中的一个主要课题，指的是水所经过的诸现象的整个循环过程，开始时是作为大气中的水蒸气，转而作为雨、雪、露、雹一类的降水量经过液体和固体形态，由此而沿着地层表面分布或进入地层表面，最终通过蒸发和散发作用再度回复到大气水蒸气的形态。

The contents of sand,shale or carbonate in complex formations can be obtained from logs of Elemental Capture Spectroscopy Sonde. The porosity and permeability calculated from the contents are comparatively better accordant to core data.

元素俘获谱测井利用定量测得的钙等多种元素的含量，计算岩石的碳酸盐岩含量，进而进行岩性识别和地层对比；利用ECS成果求出孔隙度、渗透率与岩心分析数据有较好的一致性；依据该岩石分类方法，做出单井的岩性剖面图，地层岩性的定性分析对比转化为岩性及其量化的对比划分。

The result shows that when in-place oil with its viscosity higher than 1.0mPa·s percolates through reservoir rocks with permeability less than 1×10~-3 μm~2, both have start-up pressure gradient, and it increases with the decrease of rock permeability and increase of crude oil viscosity, as oil wettability of the rocks increas...

结果表明，粘度大于1·0mPa·s的地层油通过渗透率小于1×10-3μm2的地层岩石渗流时，均具有启动压力梯度，且启动压力梯度随岩石渗透率的减小和原油粘度的上升而增大；岩石的亲油性增强，启动压力梯度增大；含有束缚水的岩样的启动压力梯度大于不含有束缚水的岩样。

The low homogenization temperatures indicate that the petroleum is encapsulated at the cooling stage of the diabases that have intruded in the Es3 strata when the interaction between ground water and the feldspars resulted in alteration.

测得其中部分粒径较大的石油包裹体的均一温度 th=79～ 82 ℃，表明这些石油包裹体是辉绿岩体侵入 Es3地层冷却以后受地层水作用在发生的多种蚀变反应的过程中长石的节理、裂隙愈合带封存了渗入的烃类物质而形成的。

Using maximum flooding surface and local explosure erosion surface as the correlation framework surface in the 4-th hierarchical base-level cycles, sand-body in the 3-th hierarchical base-level cycles formed in the 4-th hierarchical base-level cycles may be correlated layer by layer. The law of the sand-body and the characters of reservoir heterogeneity formed in the 4-th hierarchical base-level cycles are discussed. The study shows:①During early period of the 4-th hierarchical base-level cycle rising, subaqueous distributary channel formed, continuously stacked vertically, and migrated in limit range laterally, and channel sand-body stretches farther longitudinally, and lacks interbeds of mud rock and siltsand in sand rock, reservoir heterogeneity is relatively weak.②During mid-period of the 4-th hierarchical base-level cycle rising, subsaqueous distributary channel migrated actively, channel divided and converged strongly to form netted sand-body and sand sheet mainly, but interbeds of mud rock and siltsand increases gradually in sand-body, reservoir heterogeneity increased.③During later period of the 4-th hierarchical base-level rising and early period of the 4-th hierarchical base-level falling, reservoir sand-body was poor, and only form thin sand-body of subsaqueous distributary channel, subsaqeuous creveas and distal mouth bar, sand-bodys are surrounded by mud and silt rock.

进一步采用以第4层次基准面旋回中相当最大湖泛面的相转换面和具有区域性暴露侵蚀作用的层序边界面为等时地层对比框架的边界，对发育于MSC2—MSC4三个第4层次基准面旋回的第3层次基准面旋回内砂体进行了逐层等时对比，探讨第4层次等时地层对比格架内储集砂体发育分布规律，及储集砂体的非均质性特点，研究发现：①第4层次基准面上升初期发育的水下分流河道，砂体呈连续叠置、侧向迁移受限，纵向上呈长距离延伸的带状产出，砂体间泥、粉砂岩夹层少，储层非均质性相对较弱；②在第4层次基准面上升中期发育的水下分流河道侧向迁移活跃，纵向延伸过程中分流汇合作用强烈，以形成网状或席状连片砂体为主，但砂体间泥、粉砂岩夹层逐渐增多，储层非均质性增强；③第4层次基准面上升晚期和下降早期，不利于储集砂体发育，仅出现少量薄的水下分流河道、水下决口扇、远—河口砂坝砂体。

On the basis of the laboratory data and by widely analysing the formation origin and mechanism of low-resistivity oil/gas reservoir, a point of view is put forward which is not consistent with the idea existing for a long time, that is not all the low-resistivity oil/gas reservoir is shaly sandstone. Fine grains or pure fine siltstone can also form the low-resistivity oil/gas reservoir. And the additional conductibility of clay will become the prominent factor that causes the low-resistivity only when the salinity of formation water is lower. Actual cases indicate that when the salinity of formation water is greater than 300000ppm or so, even ifthere is some clay, its additional conductibility can also be ignored.

建立在实验室数据的基础之上，并通过广泛地低电阻率油气储集层成因和机理分析，提出了与长期以来存在于人们头脑中的思想观念不相一致的看法，即认为低电阻率油气储集层并非都是泥质砂岩，岩石颗粒细小的或纯净的细粉砂岩也可能形成低电阻率油气储集层，并且粘土的附加导电性也只有在地层水矿化度比较低时，才会成为造成低电阻率的突出因素，事实表明，当地层水矿化度高于大约300000ppm时，即使储集层含有一些粘土矿物，它所产生的附加导电性也是可以忽略的。

Usually the first sub-system for the watershed scientists, experts and hydrologists topography of the object of concern, where the physical environment, energy in the form of negative entropy flow into the system; the second sub-system for the hydraulic engineer with the rivers and landscape Jurists of the object of common concern, at the same time the ancient flood plain and river valley sludge for formation of Jurists and the concerns of sedimentologists; the third sub-systems related to geology and ocean engineering, and the alluvial fan, alluvial plain, delta morphology, internal structure and stratigraphy is characterized by geology and geomorphology of the issues of common concern, where the material flow in the form of energy output into the environment.

通常第一亚系统为流域科学家、地貌学家和水文学家所关心的对象，在这里环境中的物质、能量以负熵流的形式进入系统；第二亚系统为水力与河道整治工程师和地貌学家共同关心的对象，同时泛滥平原上的古河道及河谷淤积物又为地层学家和沉积学家所关注；第三亚系统关系到地质学和海洋工程，而冲积扇、冲积平原、三角洲的形态、内部结构和地层特点是地质学和地貌学共同关心的课题，在这里物质能量以流的形式输出到环境中去。

Lithology mixing in Genesis is unique. The different lithologies in a formation are handled as truly inter-bedded layers, while other 1D models just average the parameters to make up a new lithology for each formation

岩性的非均质： Genesis中岩性的混合是独特的，地层中不同的岩性处理为层状重叠，而其它的一维模拟中采用的是参数的平均值，为每个地层构建新的岩性

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。