地层的

Based on the plasto-elastic bounding surface model, the dynamic characters of typical clay and silt were studied through several types of laboratory dynamic tests. The parameters of dynamic bounding surface model were given upon the tests. By using a nonlinear procedure for response analysis of horizontally layered sites subjected to multi-directional earthquake loading, the response of acceleration, pore pressure and dynamic stress in Shanghai area under different earthquakes were studied.

在弹塑性边界面模型的基础上，通过试验，研究了上海地区典型粘土和砂性土的动力特性，取得了针对边界面模型的计算参数，并采用多向地震作用下的水平地层弹塑性动力反应分析程序对以深厚软土覆盖地层为特点的上海地区典型的土层断面，以苏南核电站为主的地震输入进行了场地反应分析，在加速度特性、孔压特性和动应力特性等方面取得了相应的结果。

In order to solve the problems from obtaining reservoir's formation pressure and injectivity index of each zone by conventional methods,combined with percolation theory and the characteristics for continuous measuring the data of flow,pressure in setting the water injection profile logging unit in one run,a new method is proposed for de.

针对常规方法获取分层吸水指数存在的问题，结合渗流理论和注水剖面测井一次下井能连续测量流量和压力的特点，提出了测井时多次改变井口注水量，通过注水剖面资料的处理确定各储层的相对吸水量、确定各储层的地层压力和吸水指数的方法，由此还能掌握各储层地层压力和吸水能力的差异。

Analyzed on the tunnels that used EPB method in different soils, the more logical three-dimensional finite element model is based, which can reality represented the soil transfiguration. 3 Due to the engineering example, a 3D FEM simulation model was founded. The model was used to study the rules of soil deformation and surface settlement during shield tunneling. 4 The characteristics of loess include the module, conglutination force and inner friction angle of the loess, affected the soil deformation. 5 The influence factors to the surface settlements such as the depth of soil, the outer diameter of the shield tunnel, the released stress at the cutting face, the fill ratio of the shield tail void, pouring-slurry press, thrusts and lengths of shield and digging steps were studied using the FEM method. References is brought forward in the loess areas of Xi'an was proposed.

通过对不同土质条件下盾构法进行地铁隧道施工的有限元分析，全面反映盾构推进对土体变形的影响情况； 3根据有关勘测资料，建立合理的盾构法施工三维非线性有限元模型，对盾构法施工引起的地层变位和地表位移情况进行计算，分析了盾构施工引起的地层变形规律和地面沉降规律； 4研究了黄土特性(地基模量、粘聚力和内摩擦角)对盾构法施工中土体变形的影响； 5利用三维有限元对盾构施工过程中影响地面沉降的因素(覆土厚度、隧道外径、开挖面压力变化量、注浆压力、盾尾空隙填充率、开挖步长、盾构机的长度和推进力等)进行研究，为今后西安地区地铁的建设提供参考。

The coring was successfully operated on the winter ice-cover of the lake in 2000 and the pioneer practice of the ""off-the-ice"" coring proves to be very useful and economic for taking quality cores from lakes in northern China.A multidisciplinary investigation has been carried out on core HQH4, one of the three 11-m-long cores. Results from previous investigation include lithostratigraphy, radiocarbon dating, paleoecology of Ostracoda, stable isotopic record of ostracod shells, total nitrogen and organic carbon, C/N ratio, 81 C of organic matter etc.

在对深度为11米的HQH4岩芯开展了~(14)C年代学、岩性地层学、介形类古生态及介壳稳定同位素、有机碳和总氮及C/N比值、有机碳同位素等多学科综合分析测试和研究工作的基础上，本硕士学位论文研究侧重开展了：1HQH4岩芯烧失量(Loss-on-ignition)的系统分析测定及该地层学变量的古湖泊和环境变化意义的研究；2沉水植物川蔓藻化石种子生态学特征及其在黄旗海湖泊水位重建和气候变化研究方面的重要意义的研究。

The project will make full use of Cretaceous marine, terrestrial strata and paleontological records.

项目将充分利用中国大陆发育完好的白垩纪海相、陆相地层及古生物记录，通过松辽盆地白垩系科学钻探全岩芯取样和多学科综合研究的途径，着眼于厘定反映地质事件和气候变化的层位及标志和时间格架，解决高分辨率海、陆相沉积事件的精确对比，分析地层记录中气候标志和古生物类群的地理分布，集中研究陆地和海洋环境对同一事件的响应机制，重溯白垩纪地球表层系统重大地质事件过程及成因，探究陆相烃源岩大规模形成、陆地生物群更替与温室气候变化和碳循环之间的正/负反馈关系和机制等科学问题，为预测全球长时间尺度上的气候变化趋势提供科学依据。

In the Eogene and Neogene, Qaidam Basin experienced the multiphase tectonic movement; the paleoclimate evolved from warm-humid to arid; the water in the basin was gradually salinized; the depocenter migrated from west to east. The master factors and developmental characters of lithologic hydrocarbon reservoirs have their own particularity. Taking the fine exploration zones of the southwest hydrocarbon-rich depression in Qaidam as the key point, with the analysis of source-rock distribution, sedimentary evolution and sedimentary system distribution, the author proposes that the density difference increases after the fluvial water enters, then clam and bar sand bodies are formed easily due to density flow. Highstand system tract and transgressive system tract below the maximum flooding surface are the main exploration areas of lithologic reservoir.

柴达木盆地古近纪－新近纪经历了多期构造运动，古气候由温湿向干旱演变、湖盆逐渐咸化、沉积中心由西向东迁移的演化过程，地层岩性油气藏的主控因素和发育特征有其特殊规律，以柴达木盆地柴西南富油气凹陷精细勘探区带为重点，通过分析烃源岩展布、沉积演化和主要沉积体系展布，提出咸化湖盆在河流入湖后因密度差较大，易形成密度流等成因的各类滩坝砂体，最大湖泛面之下的高位体系域、湖侵体系域是地层岩性油气藏的主要勘探领域。

The analyses of the relationship between drilling parameter and rate of penetration was done,and the principle of coupled driven drilling by improving rotary speed of bit was revealed to increase bit rock-breaking energy to improve penetration rate.

分析了钻井参数与钻速的关系，揭示了复合钻井通过提高钻头转速，从而增加钻头破岩能量来提高机械钻速的机理；在分析井斜原因和钟摆钻具防斜打直原理的基础上，分析了直螺杆钻具和弯外壳螺杆钻具组合的防斜机理以及两者的联系与区别，指出在地层倾角较小时采用直螺杆钻具组合，地层倾角较大时采用弯外壳螺杆钻具组合，以达到防斜打快的目的。

Using the method integrating geoscientific research with bit selection research, analysis is made on the stratigraphic-lithologic characteristics of all geological intervals in the area, the effect on bit selection and how to increase drilling speed is made clear. Based on the above, the conceptual profiled design for bit selection and drilling methods of all geological intervals is proposed on the basis of the stratigraphic-lithologic characteristics.

应用地学研究与钻头选型研究相结合的方法，对该地区各地质层段的地层产状与岩性特征进行了分析，获取了钻头选型对提高钻井速度影响的认知，提出了基于地层产状与岩性特征的各地质层段钻头选型及其钻井方式的轮廓化概念设计。

This thesis has systematically dealt with the glacial, lake and climatic fluctuations in the areas mentioned above throughout the late stadial of the Last Glaciation, based on synthetical records of glacial development at the high mountains, lacustrine stratigraphy and lake evolution in both the high plateau basins and the lower altitude interior ones, periglacial phenomena and palaeosols as well as microfossils in deposits.

本文则根据大量野外实地考察与室内分析资料，从高原高山区的冰川发育与演化，高原和盆地区的湖相沉积地层、湖泊演变历史和地层中冰缘现象、古土壤的发育状况以及微体古生物等方面的综合记录分析，对青藏高原北部与天山地区以及内陆干旱盆地在末次冰期晚阶段中的冰川、湖泊与气候环境演变状况作了较为系统的探讨。

Taking Jiyang Depression as the study object, many kinds of disciplines were applied synthetically in this thesis, such as, stratigraphy, structural geology, sedimentology, historical geology, geophysics, etc. On the basis of the reconstruction of the denuded thickness and the original thickness, and the study of the developing characteristics of the basin-controlled faults, combined with the study of space-time distribution of the sedimentary facies and the analysis of basin - transfer mechanism and the geodynamics, the prototype basins of each structural stage in Mesozoic were studied and analyzed in detail, moreover, the superimposed relationship of the Mesozoic basin and Cenozoic basin was discussed.

本论文选择济阳坳陷作为研究对象，开展地层学、构造地质学、沉积学、地史学以及地球物理学等多学科综合研究，以地层剥蚀厚度、原始厚度的恢复以及控盆断层发育演化特征的研究为切入点，辅以沉积相的时空展布研究，并结合盆地转型机制、地球动力学背景分析，对济阳坳陷中生代各构造期的盆地原型进行详细解剖和分析，探讨其与新生代盆地的叠合关系。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。