地层的

Anticline: folds consisting of the oldest strata in the core and the youngest in the limb

背斜：核部由老地层、翼部由新地层组成的褶皱。

In coalfield exploration in Runan County of Henan Province,thickness of tertiary and quaternary formation is up to 700 m,water sensitive clay,sandy clay,sandy argillite,aleurolite and gravel strata are often encountered.These easily cause hole diameter's shortage or enlargement,wall of hole collapsing and breaking.

在河南省驻马店汝南县林楼一正阳县张楼一带的煤田勘探中，第三、第四系地层厚达700m，经常遇到水敏性粘土、砂质粘土、砂质泥岩、粉砂岩和卵砾石等地层，易造成缩径、超径、坍塌和掉块等孔内复杂情况。

Various dating methods have been proposed such as radiochemical dating by 10Be and U-Th series, biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, Sr stable isotope method, estimates from the age of substrate, and determinates by regressive formulas.

常用的生长速率测定方法有：10Be和U-Th系放射性同位素测年法、生物地层法、磁性地层法、稳定同位素法、基岩年龄推定法，以及经验公式计算法等。

In some places, Cambrian strata were continuous to late Neoproterozoic strata.

在一些地区寒武纪地层与新元古代晚期地层是连续的。

Under the condition of the borehole and sandstone formation filling with oil and water, respectively, the ability is different when different energy windows are selected to distinguish formation by simulating the detector response spectrum of various diameters and length of NaI and BGO crystal. The C/O value difference of BGO crystal is higher than that of NaI crystal when the energy window includes photoelectric peak, the first and the second escape peaks, but it is less affected by the different sizes of detector crystal. Using photoelectric peak corresponding to the energy window, the C/O value difference of BGO crystal detector is much larger than that of NaI, but it increases with the crystal size increasing. The C/O value is greatly affected by energy drifting, while relatively a little by energy resolution.

对于井眼和地层流体分别为油和水砂岩地层，模拟改变NaI和BGO晶体探测器的直径和长度时的非弹性散射γ射线响应能谱，采用不同能窗处理方法对地层流体的分辨能力不同，选取光电峰和第一、第二逃逸峰对应的能量窗时，BGO晶体探测器比NaI晶体探测器测量的C/O差值大，但受尺寸的影响不大；采用光电峰对应的能量窗时，BGO晶体探测器测量的C/O差值比NaI的大得多，且随尺寸的增加差值增大；能量道的漂移对C/O值影响较大，而能量分辨率对差值影响相对较小。

The selection of geological prospecting in different stages(initial-prospecting, detailed-prospecting)(2)the selection of geological prospecting in the deep-laid and shallow-laid of tunnel project (3)the selection of geological prospecting of tunnel projecting in different geological conditions Finally, the author summed up main problems needing to be solved in tunnel engineering geological prospecting as follow:(1)differentiate stratum and find out the depth and thickness of different stratums in the tunnel section (2)find out geological structure and existence situation of fault, broken zone and weak plane (3)find out weathering level of bed rock to classify surrounding rock combining speed materials (4)differentiate stratum structure of the entrance of tunnel to judge the stability of it (5)find out existence situation and performance of ground water (6)situations of other harmful geological phenomenon In view of above problems and classification of surrounding rock, the author showed principles of rational choosing of methods in geological prospecting and counted disperse range of physical character parameter value in different petrosal character, getting achievements as follow:(1)summarization of effect, merits and demerits of different geological prospecting methods in the tunnel geological investigation (2)method selection and arrangement principle of tunnel engineering geological prospecting in different geological conditions and prospecting stages (3)According to previous experience and cases, the author concluded the物性parameters most in use ,and showed the basis of selecting geological prospecting methods in different geological conditions.

论文中用几个应用实例来说明：(1)不同勘察阶段物探工作的选用；(2)深埋、浅埋隧道工程物探工作的选用；(3)不同地质条件隧道工程物探工作的选用。最后总结归纳出隧道工程物探所需要解决的问题主要有：(1)划分地层，查明隧道通过剖面的各地层深度与厚度。(2)查明地质构造，隧道轴线段有无断层、破碎带、软弱层面等。(3)查明基岩风化程度，从而结合速度资料进行围岩分级。(4)划分洞口地层结构，判断洞口稳定性。(5)查明地下水赋存情况及其活动动态。(6)其他不良地质现象存在情况。针对上述需要查明的地质问题与计算围岩分级情况，论文提出合理选用物探方法的原则，并统计了物性参数值在不同岩性中的分布范围。得出以下研究成果：(1)总结出各物探方法在隧道地质调查中的作用和优缺点。(2)得出不同地质条件下和不同勘察阶段，隧道工程物探方法选择和布置的原则。(3)根据以往工作经验和事例，对常用的物性参数进行了归纳总结，同时介绍了不同地质条件下物探方法选择的依据。

Looking from various synthems stratum mop characteristic, the Meso-cenozoic fault activity is the important control action to the deposition and the denude of Late Jurassic- Early Crataceous and Eogene.

从各构造层地层展布特征来看，中、新生代断层活动主要对晚侏罗-早白垩世及古近纪地层沉积与剥蚀起到了重要的控制作用。

Each sequence can be diveded into system tracts based on the lithology, log, marine fossil of foraminifera and dinoflagellate.

通过分析钻井地层、测井曲线及地层中出现的有孔虫、沟鞭藻化石，对各层序进行了体系域划分。

With the investigation of the domestic and foreign literature systematically, the bases on the domestic and foreign present research and the comprehensive utilizations of the various knowledge of fluid mechanics in porous medium, reservoir engineering, mathematical physics, perforation completion, numerical simulation and so on, this article takes numerical simulation of gas reservoir of water solubility as the research aim which has completed following research works and obtained the corresponding research results: it analyzes the nature of the Water-soluble gas and formation water as well as the influent factors of the solubility through the study of massive materials; It establishes mathematical models three-dimension, the dual medium, the gas-water phase through the way of finite difference in the migration of water-soluble gas, which describes the entire process of release, migration and production in formation, where it considered the problems of variable bubble point; According to the numerical models of gas reservoir of water solubility it provides solution procedure that based on black oil model; It discovers that there will obtain the good effects in the lowly speed of development through simulation; the reinjection of formation water may largely enhance the produce degree of water-soluble gas when we consider reinjection in simulator; It considered the influence of perforated completion on development so as to increase the simulator"s versatility, It discovers that the simulator may reflect the conditions of development when we exanimate he simulator"s reliability with the empirical datum.

本文以水溶性气藏数值模拟研究为研究目标，在系统调研国内外文献、深入分析国内外研究现状的基础上，综合利用渗流力学、油气藏工程、数学物理方法、射孔完井以及数值模拟理论等多方面的知识，完成了以下研究工作并取得相应的研究成果；①通过对大量的资料调研，分析了水溶气、地层水性质、储层地质性质以及影响气体在水中溶解度的因素。②考虑到由于高压产生的大量水力裂缝，采用有限差分方法建立水溶气运移的三维、双重介质、气-水两相全隐式数学模型，该模型描述了水溶气在地层中的释放、运移和采出的整个过程。③在原有黑油模型的基础上，根据水溶性气藏数值模型编制了该数值模型的求解程序，该程序可以求解单重、双重介质两种情况。④通过模拟不同开采速度对水溶气开发效果的影响，发现开采速度较慢的时候可以取得较好的开采效果。⑤在模拟器中考虑了注水对水溶性气藏开发的影响，地层水回注可以大幅度提高水溶气的采出程度。⑥为增加模拟器的通用性，在模拟器中考虑了射孔完井方式对开采的影响。⑦检验模拟器计算的可靠性，发现在使用实验数据对水溶性气藏进行模拟时，模拟器可以很好的反映气藏开发的状态。

Tiefeng rock tunnel is a control project in Wanzhou-Kaixian expressway.The length of the tunnel exceeds 6?000m.The geological conditions of the tunnel are very complex,including groundwater ingression,firedamp,gypsum strata,soft rock deformation, rock outburst etc.The construction is difficult.Some construction methods are studied for Tiefeng rock tunnel to pass the complex zone mentioned above.

铁峰山2号隧道是重庆万-开高速公路控制性工程之一，隧道左右线长度均超过6 000m，隧道穿越的地层复杂，存在突水、煤层瓦斯、煤巷采空区、石膏岩地层、软岩变形、岩爆等不良地质现象，工程地质条件极为复杂，施工难度大，施工防护要求高。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失