地层的

The main fruits of study are as follows:(1) A complete stratigraphic framework of Middle-Upper Jurassic series is set up through systematic stratigraphic study of Middle-Upper Jurassic by the analysis of lithostratigraphy , biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy on five groups of Middle-Upper Jurassic series in the studied area.

主要成果表现在以下五个方面：(1)通过对研究区中—上侏罗统五个组进行岩石地层、生物地层和年代地层分析，系统进行中—上侏罗统地层学研究，建立了研究区中—上侏罗统完整的地层格架。

This paper deals with the advance in the study of terrestrial Permian-Triassic boundary. At first, some index TPTB sections and their research backgrounds are introduced. Then, the research status on the synthesis of the TPTB, including biostratigraphy, eventostratigraphy, isotopic dating, magnetostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy etc., is analyzed. Finally, the existing problems and the next research directions about the TPTB study are assessed.

着重介绍了几个目前陆相二叠系－三叠系界线研究的重点剖面及其生物地层学研究进展；分析了陆相二叠系－三叠系界线综合地层学研究现状，包括生物地层学、事件地层学、同位素年代学、磁性地层学和层序地层学等；剖析了陆相二叠系－三叠系界线地层学研究中存在的问题及进一步的研究方向。

This paper systematically describes the Lower Triassic stratigraphic sequence of the section and summarizes the up-to-date achievements in the lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, carbon and oxygen isotopes stratigraphy, and cyclostratigraphy.

系统记述了该剖面的地层序列，包括岩石地层、生物地层、磁性地层、碳氧同位素地层和旋回地层等方面的最新研究成果。

Based on the theory of Sequence Stratigraphy and the systematically analysis of strata which was closely focused on Lithostratigraphy, Biostratigraphy, Paleoecology Event Stratigraphy and Sequence Stratigraphy, four long-term base-level cycles can be recognized in the Mesozoic, each long-term base-level cycles can be further divided into intermediate-term to short-term base-level cycle. Eight intermediate-term base-level cycles are recognized in Mesozoic; Cenozoic can be divided into two structural base-level cycles, and can be further divided into seven long-term baselevel cycles.

应用层序地层学理论，在详细的岩石地层、生物地层、生态地层、事件地层和层序地层为核心的综合地层研究基础上，将中生界划分为四个长期基准面旋回，每个长期基准面旋回内部又可进一步识别出更次一级的旋回，侏罗系内部共可识别出8个次级旋回；根据钻井层序地层与地震地层划分结果，将北缘地区新生界划分为两个构造基准面旋回，其内部又可进一步划分为7个长期基准面旋回。

The first rank derivative is a reflection of curve change and its rate, at certain range, if the sign of the first rank derivative has changed, the logging value of the correspondence depth point means maximum in this range; the second rank derivative is the knaggy property reflection of curve, at certain range, if the sign of the second rank derivative has changed, the correspondence depth point represent the inflexion of geophysical logging curve, it＇s also a turning point of the reflection of knaggy change property of the curve, it is the interface of stratum.

测井曲线的值是深度的函数，测井曲线的一阶导数表示了曲线变化的趋势和变化的快慢，在某一范围内，当一阶导数呈现符号转换时，相对应的深度点的测井值即为该范围内极大值；测井曲线的二阶导数则表示曲线的凹凸性，在某一范围内，当二阶导数呈现符号转换时，相对应的深度点代表了测井曲线的拐点，即反映曲线凹凸性变化的转折点，亦即地层的分界面。

The geology research of carbonate reservoirs in Ordovician of Tahe oilfield showed that many large dissolved vugs and fractures were developed. The spread of the reservoir take on a very heterogeneous state. And the typical fractured-vuggy reservoirs was formed. According to the combination of the various spaces, the formation was divided into vuggy formation, fractured-vuggy formation and fractured formation. The research showed that development of the vug is relevant to the its position on the structure, the fractures, the water surface and the weathering surface. Multi-phase charge and recharge of the oil in the reservoirs resulted in the complexity of the fluid distribution. So the"Bottle Model"was brought forward to explain the movement of the water-oil contact. The special storage space and the complex fluid distribution lead to the unstability of the production and the complexity of the water cut. In order to explain the characteristic of the fracture-vug unit was brought forward and the basic principle and method of the partition of the fracture-vug unit was formed. The classification and evaluation of the units were performed according the reserve and energy. Based on the research of geology characteristic and the fluid flow in the reservoir the comprehensive numerical simulation plan of the fractured-vuggy reservoirs were established. Through the selection of the simulation unit, fluid flow type and parameter equivalent the triple media reservoir simulation model was established. Considering the practical application the model was resolved by the DKR decomposition conjugate grads method. Based on the fine reservoir description of Dsitrict IV of the Tahe oilfield the various space type were classified and combined together. The geology model of Unit S48 was constructed. Two typical single well model was established according to the geology and the dynamic phenomena. Finally the single well model and the Unit S48 were simulated by the triple media reservoir simulator. Via the local grid refinement and coarsening in the simulation good matchs were gained. Based on the results of the simulation the reserve distribution, percent of reserve produced in various space and the natural energy were analyzed. The fluid was storaged in the fractures and vugs mostly and more than 90% the produced oil came from the systems. The energy belonged to the active one. The results of simulation accorded with the fact and showed the validity and practicability the research and the simulator.

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏的地质研究表明，其储层中发育着很多大型的溶蚀洞、缝，储层的平面展布呈现出极度的非均质性，形成了典型的缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏，根据各种孔隙介质在储层中的组合，将储层分为了溶洞型、裂缝-溶洞型和裂缝型三类；研究表明溶洞储层的发育和构造位置、裂缝的发育、潜水面和风化面的位置等因素有关；多期充注的油气成藏模式导致了流体复杂的赋存状态，由此提出了所谓的"瓶子模型"，解释生产过程中油水界面的变化；特殊的储集空间类型和流体分布特征导致油田在开发过程中表现出很大的不确定性和含水变化的复杂性，为了合理的解释油气田开发过程中的动态特征，提出了"缝洞单元"的概念，并制定了"缝洞单元"纵横向划分的基本原则和依据及划分方法，并对"缝洞单元"进行了分类和评价；基于地质特征和流体在其中流动规律的研究，提出了缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的数值模拟综合解决方案，通过模拟单元的选择、流动类型和参数的等效，建立了三重介质油藏三维三相数值模拟模型，采用不完全LU分解预处理共轭梯度法进行了求解；在塔河油田4区精细油藏描述的基础上，将各种类型的孔隙空间进行了归类组合，建立了S48单元的地质模型；通过对油井生产动态进行分析研究，建立了两类和油井地质、生产动态相对应的单井模型；最后应用三重介质油藏数值模拟软件对单井模型和S48单元进行了数值模拟，通过局部加密和粗化等技术模拟流体流动规律，取得了很好的拟合效果；结合数值模拟结果，分析了各种介质中的储量分布、储量产出的百分比以及地层的能量，认为塔河油田缝洞型油藏中流体绝大多数储集于缝洞系统之中，所产出流体90%以上也来自于缝洞系统，其底水能量属于较充足的类型；模拟结果和油田实际情况符合较好，说明了地质研究和油藏数值模拟研究的正确性。

The principal contents of the symposia on stratigraphy in the 31st International Geological Congress comprise the following aspects:geologic time scale, biostratigraphy, event stratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, isotopic stratigraphy, integrated stratigraphy, sedimentary facies and palaeogeography, palaeobiogeography, and tectono-palaeogeography.

介绍了第 3 1届国际地质大会有关地层学学术讨论的主要内容，包括地质年代表、生物地层学、事件地层学、层序地层学、磁性地层学、同位素地层学、综合地层学、沉积相与沉积古地理、生物古地理、构造古地理 10个方面。

Basing on theregional sequence stratal framework, carry through the elaboratecompartmentalization of sequence stratum in major horizon and basing on seismicand logging data, use seismic sequence stratigraphy and drilling sequence stratigraphyto discuss isochronous stratal distributed pattern in framework.

在建立区域层序地层格架的基础之上，对重点层位进行精细层序地层划分，在地震资料和测井资料的基础上，利用地震层序地层和钻井层序地层，探讨等时地层格架内的地层分布模式。

The geology research of carbonate reservoirs in Ordovician of Tahe oilfield showed that many large dissolved vugs and fractures were developed. The spread of the reservoir take on a very heterogeneous state. And the typical fractured-vuggy reservoirs was formed. According to the combination of the various spaces, the formation was divided into vuggy formation, fractured-vuggy formation and fractured formation. The research showed that development of the vug is relevant to the its position on the structure, the fractures, the water surface and the weathering surface. Multi-phase charge and recharge of the oil in the reservoirs resulted in the complexity of the fluid distribution. So the"Bottle Model"was brought forward to explain the movement of the water-oil contact. The special storage space and the complex fluid distribution lead to the unstability of the production and the complexity of the water cut. In order to explain the characteristic of the fracture-vug unit was brought forward and the basic principle and method of the partition of the fracture-vug unit was formed. The classification and evaluation of the units were performed according the reserve and energy. Based on the research of geology characteristic and the fluid flow in the reservoir the comprehensive numerical simulation plan of the fractured-vuggy reservoirs were established. Through the selection of the simulation unit, fluid flow type and parameter equivalent the triple media reservoir simulation model was established. Considering the practical application the model was resolved by the DKR decomposition conjugate grads method. Based on the fine reservoir description of Dsitrict IV of the Tahe oilfield the various space type were classified and combined together. The geology model of Unit S48 was constructed. Two typical single well model was established according to the geology and the dynamic phenomena. Finally the single well model and the Unit S48 were simulated by the triple media reservoir simulator. Via the local grid refinement and coarsening in the simulation good matchs were gained. Based on the results of the simulation the reserve distribution, percent of reserve produced in various space and the natural energy were analyzed. The fluid was storaged in the fractures and vugs mostly and more than 90% the produced oil came from the systems. The energy belonged to the active one. The results of simulation accorded with the fact and showed the validity and practicability the research and the simulator.

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏的地质研究表明，其储层中发育着很多大型的溶蚀洞、缝，储层的平面展布呈现出极度的非均质性，形成了典型的缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏，根据各种孔隙介质在储层中的组合，将储层分为了溶洞型、裂缝-溶洞型和裂缝型三类；研究表明溶洞储层的发育和构造位置、裂缝的发育、潜水面和风化面的位置等因素有关；多期充注的油气成藏模式导致了流体复杂的赋存状态，由此提出了所谓的&瓶子模型&，解释生产过程中油水界面的变化；特殊的储集空间类型和流体分布特征导致油田在开发过程中表现出很大的不确定性和含水变化的复杂性，为了合理的解释油气田开发过程中的动态特征，提出了&缝洞单元&的概念，并制定了&缝洞单元&纵横向划分的基本原则和依据及划分方法，并对&缝洞单元&进行了分类和评价；基于地质特征和流体在其中流动规律的研究，提出了缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的数值模拟综合解决方案，通过模拟单元的选择、流动类型和参数的等效，建立了三重介质油藏三维三相数值模拟模型，采用不完全LU分解预处理共轭梯度法进行了求解；在塔河油田4区精细油藏描述的基础上，将各种类型的孔隙空间进行了归类组合，建立了S48单元的地质模型；通过对油井生产动态进行分析研究，建立了两类和油井地质、生产动态相对应的单井模型；最后应用三重介质油藏数值模拟软件对单井模型和S48单元进行了数值模拟，通过局部加密和粗化等技术模拟流体流动规律，取得了很好的拟合效果；结合数值模拟结果，分析了各种介质中的储量分布、储量产出的百分比以及地层的能量，认为塔河油田缝洞型油藏中流体绝大多数储集于缝洞系统之中，所产出流体90%以上也来自于缝洞系统，其底水能量属于较充足的类型；模拟结果和油田实际情况符合较好，说明了地质研究和油藏数值模拟研究的正确性。

Aimed at the exploration of the lithostratigraphic reservoirs in four types of prototype basins(onshore terrestrial rifts,depressions,forelands and marine kratons)and in glutenites,volcanics and fracture-vug carbonate rocks,significant results are achieved on geological theory,technological innovation and production efficiency through fi...

针对中国陆上陆相断陷、坳陷、前陆和海相克拉通等4类原型盆地和砂砾岩、火山岩、缝洞型碳酸盐岩储集体中岩性地层油气藏的勘探，通过5年系统研究，在地质理论、技术创新与生产实效等方面取得重大成果：①系统建立了4类盆地岩性地层油气藏地质理论；②创建了中低丰度岩性地层油气藏大面积成藏理论；③创新了系统的岩性地层油气藏勘探程序与技术系列，自主创新21项核心专利；④推动了中国陆上由勘探构造油气藏向勘探岩性地层油气藏的重大转变，使中国石油天然气股份有限公司大规模岩性地层油气藏勘探取得显著成效。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。