地层学

Biostratigraphy is one of the basic and widely applied branches in stratigraphy.

生物地层学是地层学中最基本的也是应用最广泛的一个分支学科。

A geological time scale based mainly on both biostratigraphy and radiometric dating created stratigraphic refulgence, but at the cost of lowered accuracy and preciseness and weakened function of serving the human society.

以生物地层学为基础并与放射性同位素定年技术相结合建立的、以百万年为计时单位的地质年代表既创造了地层学的辉煌，也在一定程度上降低了地质学对精确数字定年的不懈追求和为人类社会服务的功能。

The main fruits of study are as follows:(1) A complete stratigraphic framework of Middle-Upper Jurassic series is set up through systematic stratigraphic study of Middle-Upper Jurassic by the analysis of lithostratigraphy , biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy on five groups of Middle-Upper Jurassic series in the studied area.

主要成果表现在以下五个方面：(1)通过对研究区中—上侏罗统五个组进行岩石地层、生物地层和年代地层分析，系统进行中—上侏罗统地层学研究，建立了研究区中—上侏罗统完整的地层格架。

Under the guidance of the theories of sedimentation, paleontology, stratigraphy, reservoir geology and digenesis, synthetically applying the methods of the conjunction of spot-line-surface, macro-microscopic and field-indoor, there is a comprehensive study for the upper Permian series in stratum, rock, sedimentary facies and diagenesis, especial for the type and characteristics of sedimentary facies, in the paper.

本文主要是以沉积学、古生物学、地层学、储层地质学等相关理论为指导，运用点线面、野外与室内、宏观与微观相结合的方法，并借助普通显微镜、阴极发光显微镜等手段对川西地区北部上二叠统的地层、岩石、沉积相以及成岩作用进行了研究，尤其是对沉积相的类型及特征作了详细的划分与阐述。

The water level is a measurable and physical surface able to be characterized, while the base level is an immeasurable and nonobjective surface, which can be described only.

摘要层序地层学发展至今，各学派在解决实际问题上的分歧日益为人们所认识，建立统一层序地层学理论成为今后相关研究领域的一个重要方向。

The sequence stratigraphic characteristics of the Palaeogene in Bohai Sea area were analyzed by the high-resolution sequence stratigraphy theory.

运用适合于陆相地层分析的高分辨率层序地层学理论分析了渤海海域古近系层序地层学特征。

On the basis of 1:250000 regional geological survey, the authors made a lithostratigraphic study and redivision of the Carboniferous-Permian strata in the Xi Ujimqin Qi-Linxi area, southeastern Inner Mongolia, and used the biostratigraphic, sequence stratigraphic and unconformity approaches to make multiple stratigraphic division and correlation.

通过1：25万区域地质调查，对西乌珠穆沁旗—林西地区石炭纪—二叠纪地层进行了岩石地层学研究与重新归并划分，并进行了生物地层，层序地层及不整合面地层的多重地层划分与对比。

The orogenic strata have following characteristics: During the subduction and intracontinental orogeny, the strata experienced dramatic tectonic migration and mixing, resulting in various tectonic features. A short sequence usually composed of tectonic slices of various origins, times, deformations and metamorphisms, and scales. The original sequence was badly destroyed. The extant fragments of orogenic belt usually took form as melanges, especially the accretion complex wedge generated in subduction zone, which is contrary to the Law of Superposition. The original location of the accretion is also contradicted with the Law of Original Horizonality, because the accretion is oblique with high degree. Marine rocks, volcanic rocks of continental margin and metamorphic rocks were well-developed in the orogenic belt, especially ultra-basic, basic rocks were wide spread and were intensely metamorphosed, accompanied by metamorphic slices returned from hundred kilometers underground with ultra-high pressure and magma movements during syn-orogeny and post-orogeny, thus formed the colorful landscapes.

造山带非史密斯地层构成具如下独特性和复杂性：造山带在俯冲碰撞和陆内造山阶段，发生过强烈的构造搬运和构造混杂，构造形迹多样化，垂直不长的地层体往往是众多不同来源、不同时代，不同变形变质程度，不同大小的各种构造岩片拼贴体，地层原始层序被严重肢解、破坏；尤以产于俯冲带的俯冲增生杂岩楔的原始形成方式与史密斯地层学的&层序叠覆律&老下新上的顺序正好相反，其混杂岩增生方式是老的&片体&在上，新的&片体&阶段性拼贴在老的&增生片体&的斜下方，这种增生片体的原始位置亦与&原始水平律&相悖，即增生片体一般保持较高角度倾斜；在岩石类型和变质程度上，造山带海相和古陆缘火山岩以及变质岩普遍发育，尤其是超基性、基性岩系分布广泛，变质作用较强，伴有从百余公里以下深部超高压变质岩片的折返和同造山期与造山后期岩浆活动，构成极为复杂的地质景观。

Seismic sedimentology is a new discipline emerged after seismic stratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy.

地震沉积学是继地震地层学和层序地层学之后出现的一门新兴学科。

Accounting for the characteristics of Chinese inland basins, Chinese geoscientists have developed a set of laws that controls oil reservoirs and hydrocarbon enrichments, and worked out a workflow of sequence stratigraphy study for inland basin.

针对中国陆相盆地层序地层的特点，国内学者提出了陆相盆地&三面&(断层面，最大湖泛面，不整合面)控藏规律及构造坡折带油气富集规律的层序地层学观点，并在生产实践中总结出层序地层学研究的工业流程，得到了较好的应用效果。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失