地层

The conclusion of paper conclude two parts:1. the hand of the Geological Character(1) Shandong conclude six research plots: the hard magma rock plot, the hard sediment rock plot, the plain and riverway alluvium-proluvial plot, the alluvium strand plain plot, the bajada plot and the mountain front sedentary plot.(2) The span of physical and mechanical index is effected by the character of stratum and geological zone. The normal value of physical and mechanical index is not even. The coefficient of variation of synthesis is bigger than the coefficient of laminate. The coefficient of variation is divided into three level: dry density

为获得满意的成果，主要进行以下研究内容：分析研究山东省的地形地貌特征、地层岩性特征、地质构造特征、地下水特征、地质灾害特征及第四系分布特征等，全面系统地了解了山东省的区域地质特征；将山东省划分为两个研究区和六个研究亚区，给出各个研究亚区的工程地质特征和典型地层柱状图；根据山东省已建高速公路的工程勘察资料，统计分析3957个样本点，得到各研究区典型地层的地基承载力取值范围和9个物理力学指标的标准值；利用ARCVIEW和

The article analyzes the dominant factor of gas well productivity based on absolute open flow potent and binomial deliverability equation.

结合气井绝对无阻流量定义及气井的二项式产能方程，对影响气井产能的井底污染、地层渗透率、地层压力、地层有效厚度、气井半径、泄气半径、天然气粘度、硫的沉积、气层产水等因素作了详细的分析。

In pressure of influence underbalanced drilling,such as drilling fluid column pressure,annulus pressure,underbalance pressure,wellhead back pressure and formation pressure etc.,the formation pressure is basic pressure.Because all pressure calculations are built on the basic pressure.

认为在影响欠平衡钻井的钻井液静液柱压力、环空压耗、欠压值、井口回压、地层压力中，地层压力是首先要搞清楚的最基础的压力，最好先求出地层压力而不必急于进行欠平衡钻进，因为一切欠平衡的压力计算都是建立在这个基础压力之上的；再根据地层压力确定合理的欠压值，确定所用的钻井液密度。

The study covers the vertical displacement distribution character of each mode of Rayleigh wave, theoretical dispersion curve character of multi-modes Rayleigh wave and the characters of the max-mode Rayleigh wave dispersion curve in different layers structure, which are velocity increasing with deep, high velocity layer within underground, low velocity layers within undergroan and high velocity surface layer, within the depth of 15 meters.

研究了地层速度随深度递增型、地层中有硬层或软夹层型、表层为高速的公路型等4种地层结构在15m深度内，瑞利面波各阶模态的位移幅度分布特征、多阶模态面波的理论频散曲线特征以及不同地层结构上的&最大模&面波频散曲线的特征。

The writer simplifies and induces thin-bedding medium in the East of China to several seismogeologic models: wedge model; thin-bedding group in which two mediums have equal thickness, thin-bedding group in which two mediums have not equal thickness and formations whose thickness orderly gradates from top to bottom.

本文通过对某油田的若干口钻井的测井曲线和岩性资料进行分析研究，认为我国东部油区的薄互层地层的地质特征为：①大多数地层为低于目前地震勘探分辨率的薄层或超薄层；②地层在横向上相变剧烈；③地层结构具有多种类型。

It realizes the function of mine lane visulization and the visulization of Geologic structure, strata structure and burden condition of coal seam through exploration drill hole and parameters.

文中给出了矿山地层表面可视化模型的可行性算法，通过建立模型，可以较准确的描述矿山的地貌以及等高线的分布；通过比较目前地层表面的生成方法，采用不规则三角网生成算法，生成地层表面，同时利用规则三角网的方法来模拟三维地层表面，实现矿井三维模型的旋转、变换等功能。

There are three basic lithologic semantic relations between adjacent boreholes, which are respectively corresponding, including and pinching-out relations.

相邻钻孔之间细节地层的岩性连接有对应、包含和尖灭3种，基于地层属性及其语义关系的地层连接关系推理有6种基本模式，设计了相应的地层连接推理算法。

The orogenic strata have following characteristics: During the subduction and intracontinental orogeny, the strata experienced dramatic tectonic migration and mixing, resulting in various tectonic features. A short sequence usually composed of tectonic slices of various origins, times, deformations and metamorphisms, and scales. The original sequence was badly destroyed. The extant fragments of orogenic belt usually took form as melanges, especially the accretion complex wedge generated in subduction zone, which is contrary to the Law of Superposition. The original location of the accretion is also contradicted with the Law of Original Horizonality, because the accretion is oblique with high degree. Marine rocks, volcanic rocks of continental margin and metamorphic rocks were well-developed in the orogenic belt, especially ultra-basic, basic rocks were wide spread and were intensely metamorphosed, accompanied by metamorphic slices returned from hundred kilometers underground with ultra-high pressure and magma movements during syn-orogeny and post-orogeny, thus formed the colorful landscapes.

造山带非史密斯地层构成具如下独特性和复杂性：造山带在俯冲碰撞和陆内造山阶段，发生过强烈的构造搬运和构造混杂，构造形迹多样化，垂直不长的地层体往往是众多不同来源、不同时代，不同变形变质程度，不同大小的各种构造岩片拼贴体，地层原始层序被严重肢解、破坏；尤以产于俯冲带的俯冲增生杂岩楔的原始形成方式与史密斯地层学的&层序叠覆律&老下新上的顺序正好相反，其混杂岩增生方式是老的&片体&在上，新的&片体&阶段性拼贴在老的&增生片体&的斜下方，这种增生片体的原始位置亦与&原始水平律&相悖，即增生片体一般保持较高角度倾斜；在岩石类型和变质程度上，造山带海相和古陆缘火山岩以及变质岩普遍发育，尤其是超基性、基性岩系分布广泛，变质作用较强，伴有从百余公里以下深部超高压变质岩片的折返和同造山期与造山后期岩浆活动，构成极为复杂的地质景观。

In practical study, the essential flow is""on the basis of the study of the faults, strata denuded thickness and original thickness, analyzing the controlling effect of the faults to the sedimentation and denudation, and combined with the areal geology background, reconstructing the basin prototype of each stage"". 2. As the basic theories and methods of the calculation of the denuded thickness, such as, the methods of cosmogenic nuclides, wave equation, apatite fission track, structural sections, acoustic wave, vitrinite reflection, etc, were argued detailedly , and their applicable ranges were analyzed , the denuded strata thickness of each structural layer layer of pre-Tertiary was reconstructed.

对宇宙成因核素法、波动方程法、裂变径迹分析法、构造横剖面法、声波时差法、镜质体反射率法等计算剥蚀量方法的基本原理进行充分论证、改进，分析了各方法的适用范围，在此基础上，综合充分运用上述方法，计算了济阳坳陷前第三系各构造层在不同时期的剥蚀量，绘制了中生代时期古生界顶面的地层剥蚀量等值线图、新生代时期古生界顶面的地层剥蚀量等值线图、白垩纪沉积时侏罗系剥蚀等值线图、新生代沉积期白垩系剥蚀等值线图、新生代沉积期侏罗系剥蚀等值线图等图件，并通过对古生界地层的热变质程度分析，确定了有1500～2000m的早、中三叠世的原始沉积地层在晚三叠世被剥蚀殆尽。3。

Based on seismic and well data, seismic interpretation and restoration of balanced crosssections were carried out, and the results indicate:（1） Besides basement involvement structures in the part segment of No. 1 fault, the faults were dominated by detachment faults which formed in Middle-Lower Cambrian salt layers.（2） The deformation styles were different in the upon and underneath salt layers, and the distortion was stronger in the upon salt layer than that in the underneath salt layer.（3） The stratified deformation was coordinated by salt layers.

应用地震和钻井资料，在地震资料解释和分层构造复原基础上，研究认为：（1）除塔中Ⅰ号断裂带部分段为基底卷入式外，塔中低凸起主要逆冲断裂以滑脱式为主，主逆冲断裂多在中、下寒武统膏盐层系滑脱；（2）盐上地层变形特征与盐下地层变形特征不同，盐上地层构造变形强度总体上大于盐下地层构造变形强度；（3）膏盐层系在分层构造变形过程中起到协调变形作用；（4）塔中低凸起分层构造变形主要受控于俯冲造山及膏盐层系滑脱作用。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失