地层

The subsoils in which the tunnels are buried are young sediments and are very weak in strength.

因所处地层多属软弱粘土层，故以地盘改良为稳定地层辅助工法。

Improving vertical resolution for density curves is by means of restructuring the response from large and small spacing sondes and borehole effect correction factor and coherence factor are used. Form the principle of GR logging, calculate volumes in investigating areas taken by borehole, formation, up and low shoulder beds, along with distance between center of gravity of the four unit bodies and detector. Based on the above, the weighting function of each unit body to GR signal contributions are established, thus realizing processing of GR logs with high resolution. The resistivity logging model uses "resolution matching" method to improve the resolution of the logs. After the process, PNN model is made to recognize the oil-gas-water bed. Compared with BPNN, the net work is featured swiftness, accuracy and ease of practical application.

提高密度测井曲线垂直分辨率是通过对重新组合长、短源距探测器响应的算法来提高补偿密度曲线的垂直分辨率，并加入井眼影响校正因子和相关性因子；自然伽马测井模型从基本原理出发，扣除井的影响，计算井筒、地层及其上下围岩所占探测球域体积及其重心到探测器的距离，以此建立各单元体对伽马测井信号贡献的权函数，通过权函数逐层计算不同厚度地层条件下各的单元体权因子，实现自然伽马曲线高分辨率处理；电阻率校正模型应用&分配率匹配&模型，应用低分辨率曲线提高为高分辨率曲线：曲线校正后，利用常规测井资料并且结合校正后的密度、伽马、电阻率等三个对判断油水层有利的指标，通过概率神经网络模型识别储层流体性质，较以前的模型，不仅极大的提高识别正确率，同时与普通神经网络相比较，提高了网络的运行速度和实用性。

On the basis of the laboratory data and by widely analysing the formation origin and mechanism of low-resistivity oil/gas reservoir, a point of view is put forward which is not consistent with the idea existing for a long time, that is not all the low-resistivity oil/gas reservoir is shaly sandstone. Fine grains or pure fine siltstone can also form the low-resistivity oil/gas reservoir. And the additional conductibility of clay will become the prominent factor that causes the low-resistivity only when the salinity of formation water is lower. Actual cases indicate that when the salinity of formation water is greater than 300000ppm or so, even ifthere is some clay, its additional conductibility can also be ignored.

建立在实验室数据的基础之上，并通过广泛地低电阻率油气储集层成因和机理分析，提出了与长期以来存在于人们头脑中的思想观念不相一致的看法，即认为低电阻率油气储集层并非都是泥质砂岩，岩石颗粒细小的或纯净的细粉砂岩也可能形成低电阻率油气储集层，并且粘土的附加导电性也只有在地层水矿化度比较低时，才会成为造成低电阻率的突出因素，事实表明，当地层水矿化度高于大约300000ppm时，即使储集层含有一些粘土矿物，它所产生的附加导电性也是可以忽略的。

During later Paleogene and early Neogene, Jiyang Depression undergone from rifting activity to depression activity. During early Guantao Formation, fault active, highland eroded, slope overlapped and sags filled, and then when later Guantao Formation begin sedimented, paleotopography became plainness, new stratum overlaid all old stratum, intensity of fault activity gradually got in weaken, and developed the sedimentary system of alluvial-fluvial-freshwater shallow lake.

济阳坳陷在古近纪晚期，新近纪早期由断陷活动转为坳陷活动，经过馆陶早期的断剥超覆和填凹补平作用，到馆陶晚期古地形渐趋平缓，新地层覆盖在所有老地层之上，断层活动强度逐渐减弱，发育冲积扇-河流-淡水极浅湖沉积体系，具有良好的生储盖配置关系。

The research efforts of seismites and seismic deposition, earthquake-tsunami sequence, vibrational liquefaction sequence in carbonate rock, seismites and seismic unconformity, sabkha seismites sequence, the autochthonous seismic liquefaction sequence in clastic rock were summarized.

对中国在海相和陆相地层的震积岩与震积作用、地震－海啸序列、碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列、震积岩与震积不整合序列、萨布哈震积岩序列以及中生代陆相地层中碎屑岩原地系统的地震液化序列等方面的研究成果进行了综述。

The stroke reverse circulation drilling machine of CZF2000-1800 type is produced by our company newly to adapt to the demand of percussion drill market due to the development of road and bridge industry, it is specializedly used for pore forming of pebble and gravel stratum and hard stratum.

1800型冲击反循环钻机是我公司最新研制生产的为适应我国路桥事业发展对冲击钻机市场的需求，专门用于卵砾石地层、坚硬地层中成孔的钻机。

The ZOOMLION KSD25 Dry-Wet Horizontally directional Drill is the first drill which drills through hard rock without a bentonite and mud pump. Its pneumatic percussive technology has not only solved the problem of mud pollution, but also has increased its efficiency 40% higher than a normal drill. Additionally, its cost is also much lower, and therefore, it has been considered as a most efficient solution for complicated stratum (including pebble and gravel, backfill and rock).

中联KSD25干湿两用水平定向钻孔机是我国第一台不使用膨润土和泥浆马达就能在硬岩中钻进并导向的钻机，其国际领先的气动冲击钻机技术不但不存在泥浆污染的问题，而且效率比普通钻机提高40％以上，成本也要低廉得多，被公认为目前对付复杂地层（包括卵砾石、回填土和岩石地层）最为有效的方法。2 s# C J， k5 _% C

The main returns are as follows: 1. A set of water-saving, quick and safe rotary percussion self-contained drilling tools and drilling technique used in drought water scarce areas were developed under the new idea combine water-saving drilling with rotary percussion drilling, which includes pneumatic steel ball percussion device used see before formation water and water-saving hydraulic percussion device used see after formation water.

主要研究成果： 1、从&节水钻探&和&回转冲击钻进&相结合的新思路出发，研制了一套适用于干旱缺水地区的节水型回转冲击配套钻具及其钻进工艺方法，包括见到地层水之前使用的球体冲击器及见到地层水之后使用的节水型液动冲击器系统。

A hardened soil horizon, usually in the middle or lower part of a soil profile, A hardpen is typical of PODSOLS, where iron compounds leached from the upper layers accumulate in the B horizon, staining it red-brown and forming an impermeable layer that can prevent drainage, resulting the in waterlogging of higher horizons.

硬质地层是一种典型的灰壤，其中铁的化合物从上层土壤中渗出，在 B 层中聚集，使得土壤呈现棕红色，构成了极难透过水的土层，这种地层的存在使上层的土层更易发生水涝。

The cleanup technology is restricted by the absurdity of pipe string structure, itcouldn't reflect the real deliverability in formation, and it can create second damagefor formation;Moreover, the cleanup technology is only used in thin oil well, itcouldn't get the deliverability by conventional well test for high pour point crude wellor heavy oil well.

现有的排液技术由于管柱结构设计不合理，无法将地层的真实产能体现出来，并且对地层易造成二次伤害；另外，该排液技术只能在稀油井使用，对于高凝油或稠油井，无法用常规试井的方法求取产能。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失