地层

Through experiment and the analysis of tectonic evolvement, this paper discusses the causation of the coincidence of formation water and hydrogen sulphide.

通过模拟实验和地层理藏演化史分析，从硫化氢生成条件及地层流体运动学角度探讨了这一现象的成因。

According to the data of drill cores,outcrops and well loggings,two orders base-level cycles are recognized from Zhiluo Formation in Dongsheng area,which consist of 8～14 short-term base-level cycles and 3 mid-term base-level cycles , and their structural types and stacking patterns are discussed by using principles and methods of high-resolution sequence stratigraphic theory.

文章综合利用岩心、露头、测井资料，运用高分辨率层序地层学基本理论和方法，对东胜地区直罗组地层进行不同级次基准面旋回的层序划分，共识别出8~14个短期旋回、3个中期旋回，并对不同级次基准面旋回的结构类型、叠加样式进行探讨。

Up to date the reserves discovered at shallow targ ets has exceeded 70% of total in Bohai Sea.Neotectonismis chara cterized by:(1)different Q and N center of subsidence,and angular unconformity b etween Q and N;(2)basalt effusion and magma activities frequently;(3)regular dis tribution of earthquake center;(4)intensive later faults (15-2Ma)forming multit ude anticiline in Nm-Ng formations.

目前浅层的油气储量占总储量的70%以上，这是由于海域新构造运动控制了晚期成藏，表现为：第四纪沉降中心与Nm晚期沉降中心不吻合，使得Q与N之间地层呈角度不整合；玄武岩喷发及岩浆活动频繁；沿渤南及郯庐断裂带天然地震震中有规律分布，晚期(15～2Ma)断裂极其发育，在Nm—Ng组地层内形成众多的背斜圈闭。

Using maximum flooding surface and local explosure erosion surface as the correlation framework surface in the 4-th hierarchical base-level cycles, sand-body in the 3-th hierarchical base-level cycles formed in the 4-th hierarchical base-level cycles may be correlated layer by layer. The law of the sand-body and the characters of reservoir heterogeneity formed in the 4-th hierarchical base-level cycles are discussed. The study shows:①During early period of the 4-th hierarchical base-level cycle rising, subaqueous distributary channel formed, continuously stacked vertically, and migrated in limit range laterally, and channel sand-body stretches farther longitudinally, and lacks interbeds of mud rock and siltsand in sand rock, reservoir heterogeneity is relatively weak.②During mid-period of the 4-th hierarchical base-level cycle rising, subsaqueous distributary channel migrated actively, channel divided and converged strongly to form netted sand-body and sand sheet mainly, but interbeds of mud rock and siltsand increases gradually in sand-body, reservoir heterogeneity increased.③During later period of the 4-th hierarchical base-level rising and early period of the 4-th hierarchical base-level falling, reservoir sand-body was poor, and only form thin sand-body of subsaqueous distributary channel, subsaqeuous creveas and distal mouth bar, sand-bodys are surrounded by mud and silt rock.

进一步采用以第4层次基准面旋回中相当最大湖泛面的相转换面和具有区域性暴露侵蚀作用的层序边界面为等时地层对比框架的边界，对发育于MSC2—MSC4三个第4层次基准面旋回的第3层次基准面旋回内砂体进行了逐层等时对比，探讨第4层次等时地层对比格架内储集砂体发育分布规律，及储集砂体的非均质性特点，研究发现：①第4层次基准面上升初期发育的水下分流河道，砂体呈连续叠置、侧向迁移受限，纵向上呈长距离延伸的带状产出，砂体间泥、粉砂岩夹层少，储层非均质性相对较弱；②在第4层次基准面上升中期发育的水下分流河道侧向迁移活跃，纵向延伸过程中分流汇合作用强烈，以形成网状或席状连片砂体为主，但砂体间泥、粉砂岩夹层逐渐增多，储层非均质性增强；③第4层次基准面上升晚期和下降早期，不利于储集砂体发育，仅出现少量薄的水下分流河道、水下决口扇、远—河口砂坝砂体。

Refer to the research findings of CHengDu Research Institute of Geosciences and Minerals(1990) and Nanjing Research Institute of Geography and Lake of Chinese Academy of Sciences(1989), according to the Guidebook of China Stratum(2000), the chronostratigraphy of Kunming Basin is divided into 4 age: the bottom of the Quaternary corresponding to M/G Boundary, age is 2.6Ma;the Bottom of the Mid-Pleistocene corresponding to B/M Boundary, age is 0.78Ma;the Bottom of the Upper-Pleistocene corresponding to the Blake event, age is 0.128Ma;the Bottom of the Holocene corresponding to the Gothenburg event,age is 0.012Ma.

本次研究获得了大量的测年数据，参考成都地质矿产研究所(1990)及中科院南京地理与湖泊研究所(1989)等的研究成果，按照中国地层指南(2000)的方案，厘定了昆明盆地第四纪年代地层划分：第四系底界对应古地磁松山反向期与高斯正向期界线处，年龄为2.6Ma；更新统中部底界对应古地磁布容正向期与松山反向期界线，年龄为0.78Ma；更新统上部底界对应古地磁布莱克事件附近，年龄约0.128Ma：全新统底界对应古地磁哥德堡事件附近，年龄约0.012ma。

Of the five stages deformation, the exact ages of the (2) and (3) were determined by 40Ar/39Ar method as 290 and 259 Ma respectively.2. New results on the metamorphic belts and associated metamorphism of the Xiaopu metamorphic rocksBased on detailed microtextural observations and occurrence of typical metamorphic minerals, five metamorphic belts in the Xiaopu metamorphic rocks are identified. From the north to the south, they are biotite belt, garnet belt, staurolite belt, andalusite belt, and sillimanite belt. I suggested that the metamorphic belts occurred in the Xiaopu area belongs to the high temperature/low pressure series, may have resulted from the later Permian crust extension at ca. 290 Ma.3. I suggest that there may have been a Carboniferous backarc basin along the southern slope of the Harlik Mountain.Detrital Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating indicated that the sedimentary age of the Julideneng formation lithic sandstone must be later than late Devonian, most likely is Carboniferous rather than previously thought Precambrian. Analyses on its geologic setting, location of provenance, and sedimentary environment suggest the Carboniferous strata may form in a lagged backarc basin bounded by backarc uplifts.5. Reconstruction of the post-Paleozoic tectonic evolution history of the Harlik MountainThe tectonic evolution of Harlik mountains since the Paleozoic were reconstructed as followings:(1) arc-affinity magmative activities occurred during the middle-Ordovician to early-Silurian;(2) the middle-Silurian to late-Devonian was a back-arc uplift stage;(3) back-arc extension featured the Carboniferous period;(4) post-collisional extension and/then compression during Permian;(5) at the Mesozoic, differential uplift developed; and (6) the late Cenozoic is the intra-continental re-orogen stage.6. Primary estimation of the crust shortening is madeThe folded pre-Mesozoic strata were used to estimate crust shortening along the Harliknanshankou-Koumenzi, Shichengzi-Baishitou, and Qincheng-Xiaopu sections. Their shortening ratios are 16.2%, 19.8%, and 20.1% respectively corresponding crust shortening are 4.3, 9, and 11.3 km.

根据Ar-Ar热年代学研究，精确测定了早二叠世伸展变形和晚二叠世挤压变形的峰期时代分别为290Ma和259Ma.2、提出了关于哈尔里克山南麓小铺一带变质带和变质作用的新认识根据显微观察资料和特征变质矿物的出现，把小铺一带的变质岩由SW向NE方向依次划分为黑云母带、石榴石带、十字石带、红柱石带和矽线石带等变质带；初步确定该区的变质作用属于中温-低压型，变质作用发生的时代为290Ma左右，是该区早二叠世地壳伸展的产物。3、首次提出哈尔里克山南麓在石炭纪可能发育弧后盆地的新观点根据哈尔里克山南麓原&居里得能组&岩屑砂岩的碎屑锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年，确认这套地层的沉积不早于晚泥盆世，很可能是石炭纪，而不是前人所说的前寒武纪；结合对其区域地质背景、源区位置和沉积环境分析，推测该区石炭纪可能为滞后弧后盆地和弧后隆起区构造背景。4、进一步证明哈尔里克山不发育与岛弧演化相关的泥盆纪岩浆活动根据对代表性闪长岩和花岗岩的锆石SHRIMP年代学研究获得的新资料，结合该区已有相关资料的综合研究，确定哈尔里克山岩浆岩分别形成于奥陶纪-志留纪和石炭纪晚期-二叠纪，不存在泥盆纪的岩浆岩，进而认为该区泥盆纪不属于岛弧环境。5、重建了哈尔里克山古生代以来的地质演化过程根据区域资料以及本次研究所获得的资料，把哈尔里克山古生代以来的构造演化划分中奥陶世-早志留世为岛弧、中志留世-晚泥盆世为弧后区、石炭纪弧后伸展、二叠纪为后碰撞伸展与挤压、中生代差异隆升和晚新生代陆内再造山过程等构造阶段。6、初步估算了哈尔里克山地壳缩短率和缩短量根据前中生代地层褶皱估算的哈尔里克山南山口-口门子、石城子-白石头和沁城-小铺三条剖面的地壳缩短率分别为16.2%、19.8%和20.1%，相应的地壳缩短量分别为4.3km、9km和11.3km。

Restoration of paleo-geothermal field based on vitrinite reflectance in strata indicates that the paleo-geothermal of Pre-Permian strata in mineralization district of the Youjiang basin was up to above 280℃, and that of Triassic falls between 150℃ and 250℃.

通过地层中镜质体反射率值对古地热场进行恢复，确定右江盆地成矿区内二叠纪以下地层曾经所达到的古地温在280℃以上。而三叠纪含矿层段所达到的古地温在150℃-250℃之间。

The study of the mineralization degree ,water type and ion combination coefficient of the Pre-Tertiary formation water in Chaluhe fault depression,Yitong Basin,reveals that total mineralization degree of the water is relatively low,and NaHCO3 water type,while the formation water has obvious vertical mineralization zonation with a high metamorphic grade.

对伊通盆地岔路河断陷古近系地层水的矿化度、水型及变质系数、脱硫系数的研究表明，该区地层水总体为NaHCO3型水；总矿化度偏低；平面上，孤店斜坡的油气保存条件最差，梁家构造带最好，垂向上，具明显的垂向分带性，万昌组保存条件最差；变质程度高。

The change of superheavy oil viscosity after mixing light oil was studied by the experiment,and the mixed viscosity was calculated by non-linear mixing method.

采用在注蒸汽过程中向地层掺入稀油的方法来降低地层稠油的粘度，实验研究了超稠油掺稀油后粘度的变化，并按非线性混合方法计算了稠油与稀油混合后的粘度。

Carboniferous and Permian in western Tarim basin were divided into three zones and six subzones.

将塔里木盆地西部石炭、二叠系划分为3个地层分区、6个地层小区。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失