地层

Many of related references at home and abroad were studied in the paper, Finite Element simulation research method was put forward as the main research method on the mechanism of borehole undergauge induced by formation creep.

本文收集了国内外关于地层蠕变方面的大量文献资料，提出用有限元仿真模拟研究方法作为研究地层蠕变导致井眼缩径机理的主要研究方法。

According to the grey theory,a new method of pore pressure prediction for undrilled formation beneath the bit was offered in the thesis,and a grey model of formation pore pressure prediction while drilling was es.

文章以灰色理论为基础，提出了钻头下部未钻开地层的孔隙压力预测新方法，建立了地层孔隙压力随钻预测灰色模型群。

Based on the evaluation of rock mechanics properties of undrilling formation, a fuzzy optimization model for selecting the best similar layers with the same rock mechanics properties was established by applying theory of fuzzy optimization. Firstly the best similar layer located the undrilled area was chosen by the model. Secondly the performance of the bit used in the selected layer was evaluated by economic benefit index.

该方法在待钻地层岩石力学性质评价的基础上，首先应用模糊优选理论建立了地层岩石力学性质相似层位的模糊优选模型，用其进行相似层位的优选，然后应用经济效益指数法对相似层位的钻头性能进行评价，最后给出合理的钻头选型结果。

Their lithologic types are dominated by vitric tuff vitric crystal tuff and medium-fine tuffy sandstone and their genetic types mainly belong to complicated type of the airborne-water-carried and the airborne type.

研究了华北中部太原组含煤地层中火山事件层的岩石学识别标志和分布规律。研究结果表明：含煤地层中广泛发育火山事件层。火山事件层的岩石类型以玻屑凝灰岩、玻屑晶屑凝灰岩和凝灰质中细粒砂岩为主。

For low permeability oilfields, radial flow straight-line portion should not appear in producer measuring data during shut-in build up tests. A practical method to interpret formation parameters based on well testing data at early fillup period has been established With the application of this kind of method, ideal interpretation results can be obtained when the measure pressure data lie above and under semilog straight-line portion, and the formation parameters can be interpreted more reliably.

对于低渗透油田，在通常的关井压力恢复测试中，油井测压资料不能出现径向流直线段，针对这种情况建立了一种用早期续流段试井资料解释地层参数的实用方法，通过计算续流量利用褶积分析方法解释早期试井资料，可对实测压力数据点落在半对数直线段上方和下方的两种情况都收到较理想的解释效果，能解释出比较可靠的地层参数。

The contents of sand,shale or carbonate in complex formations can be obtained from logs of Elemental Capture Spectroscopy Sonde. The porosity and permeability calculated from the contents are comparatively better accordant to core data.

元素俘获谱测井利用定量测得的钙等多种元素的含量，计算岩石的碳酸盐岩含量，进而进行岩性识别和地层对比；利用ECS成果求出孔隙度、渗透率与岩心分析数据有较好的一致性；依据该岩石分类方法，做出单井的岩性剖面图，地层岩性的定性分析对比转化为岩性及其量化的对比划分。

Pesky armadillos, they found, can move artifacts in archaeological dig sites up, down and even laterally by several meters as they dig.

他们发现讨厌的犰狳会移动考古挖掘现场的手工艺品，在他们挖掘时，这些犰狳有时会把东西搬到上面的地层，有时是下面的地层，甚至搬到离挖掘地点几米远的地方。

The ground is full of water and contains a large amount of cobbles. Therefore the shield tunneling is very difficult.

成都地层条件为富水的砂卵石地层，卵石含量高，盾构施工难度大，风险大。

The concentrations of metal elements in Jinji formation outside the mining area is similar to or lower than the averages in sedimentary rocks all over the world. This fact challenges the argument that the metals in Sungxi Ag-Sb deposit is mainly from Jinji formation and is similar to the elemental distribution around an epithermal deposit where ore forming metals are leached by convecting solution.

在区域上，该层位地层中的成矿元素含量与沉积岩中的平均含量相近偏低，而矿区地层中的成矿元素含量很高，表明矿化作用大大升高了成矿元素在矿区围岩中的含量，嵩溪银锑矿床不大可能是海底火山喷流-沉积或喷流沉积-改造矿床，而具有浅成低温热液矿床的成矿元素分布特征。

Besides, a method has been creatively proposed to process stratum rupture using cross-ring. Bridge-edge and stratum area decompounding method has been used to solve reverse fault issue, and the applying problem basing on state machine model has been resolved by using a function class mechanism. It supplies a new idea and new method for reservoir stochastic modeling. At the same time, the geology stochastic modeling theory system has been enriched and improved. It has important academic and practical meaning in deepening reservoir development geology stochastic modeling theory and increasing remaining oil research extent.

该软件创造性地提出用相交环线概念来处理地层撕裂；用桥边及地层面区域子分的概念来处理带有逆断层的地层撕裂；用功能类机制及相应的消息分发模型，来解决基于状态机模型的应用问题等理论，为储层随机建模研究提供了新思路和新方法，进一步丰富、完善了储层随机建模的理论体系，对深化油田开发地质随机建模理论及加大剩余油挖潜力度具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。