地层

A geological time scale based mainly on both biostratigraphy and radiometric dating created stratigraphic refulgence, but at the cost of lowered accuracy and preciseness and weakened function of serving the human society.

以生物地层学为基础并与放射性同位素定年技术相结合建立的、以百万年为计时单位的地质年代表既创造了地层学的辉煌，也在一定程度上降低了地质学对精确数字定年的不懈追求和为人类社会服务的功能。

Various dating methods have been proposed such as radiochemical dating by 10Be and U-Th series, biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, Sr stable isotope method, estimates from the age of substrate, and determinates by regressive formulas.

常用的生长速率测定方法有：10Be和U-Th系放射性同位素测年法、生物地层法、磁性地层法、稳定同位素法、基岩年龄推定法，以及经验公式计算法等。

Geologists may specialize in the following fields: coal geology, environmental geology, geochronology, geomorphology or surficial geology, geotechnics, hydrogeology, marine geology, mineral deposits or mining, mineralogy, paleontology, petroleum geology, petrology, sedimentology, stratigraphy or biostratigraphy, structural geology or tectonics, volcanology or in other fields.

地质学家可能会专注于以下领域：煤炭地质，环境地质，地质年代学，地貌或地表地质，岩土工程，水文，海洋地质，矿藏或采矿，矿物学，古生物学，石油地质学，岩石学，沉积学，地层学或生物地层，结构地质或构造，火山或其他领域。

The thesis is organized as follows:In Chapter 1,a new partial differential equation model for Spontaneous Potential log in heterogeneous formations is introduced.At the same time,the existence and uniqueness of weak solution to the problem are proved,and the problem of resistance identification in SP log is studied.Furthermore,a jump condition capturing finite difference scheme is proposed and applied to solve such elliptic interface problems.The effects of various factors on SP response,which include objective layers resistivity,bed thickness,bore-hole diameter,invasion and water-flooded zones and so on,are investigated quantitatively by the proposed method, and satisfactory results are obtained.

具体安排如下：第一章首先建立复杂地层中自然电位测井的偏微分方程数学模型，证明了该边值问题弱解的存在唯一性，在此基础上研究了自然电位测井电阻率识别问题：然后发展了用于求解椭圆交界面问题的间断捕捉有限差分方法，利用该方法定量分析了目的层电阻率、地层厚度、井径、侵入带和水淹层等因素对自然电位测井响应的影响，取得了满意的结果。

Some methods that are usually used now and their characteristics of bore-hole trajectory are introduced; Analysis the main factors which affect bore-hole trajectory; A model of rock-bit interaction is developed by accounting for the anisotropic drilling characteristics of both the formation and the bit; Base on the model of static behavior of a bottomhole assembly design a bore-hole trajectory; produce a demo of bore-hole trajectory base on 3DS Max.

本论文对井眼轨迹反演理论及方法作了简要的分类，介绍了几种目前常用的井眼轨迹反演方法及其特点；分析了影响井眼轨迹的主要因素；综合考虑地层和钻头的各向异性钻井特性，建立钻头与地层相互作用模型，基于钻柱底部组合力学模型设计出一条井眼轨迹；制作了基于3DS Max的井眼轨迹演示动画。

The scale-value, which is converted from the bore-hole strain, by nse of the observed values in tidal frequency band of the bore-hole strain and the elastic coefficients of the bore-hole corescan can be used for coverting non-tidal variation of the bore-hole strain into variation of the non-tidal stress of the same stratum.

顾梦林 ，杨毅，骆鸣津利用钻孔应变观测值中潮汐频段部分和钻孔岩芯的弹性系数，将钻孔应变换算为地层应力的格值，用此格值可将钻孔应变的非潮汐变化换算成该地地层的非潮汐应力变化。

127 Ma. These ages suggest problems in stratigraphic correlation, indicate that there is considerable diachroneity in the timing of volcanism and sedimentation in the Middle and Late Jurassic Yanshan orogen, and cast doubt on the traditional interpretation that the Tiaojishan-Tuchengzi sequence is bounded by regional unconformities dated at ca.

这些测年数据说明以往的地层对比是有问题的，燕山造山带在中、晚侏罗世所发育的火山岩和沉积岩地层是穿时的。

Based on the plasto-elastic bounding surface model, the dynamic characters of typical clay and silt were studied through several types of laboratory dynamic tests. The parameters of dynamic bounding surface model were given upon the tests. By using a nonlinear procedure for response analysis of horizontally layered sites subjected to multi-directional earthquake loading, the response of acceleration, pore pressure and dynamic stress in Shanghai area under different earthquakes were studied.

在弹塑性边界面模型的基础上，通过试验，研究了上海地区典型粘土和砂性土的动力特性，取得了针对边界面模型的计算参数，并采用多向地震作用下的水平地层弹塑性动力反应分析程序对以深厚软土覆盖地层为特点的上海地区典型的土层断面，以苏南核电站为主的地震输入进行了场地反应分析，在加速度特性、孔压特性和动应力特性等方面取得了相应的结果。

In some places, Cambrian strata were continuous to late Neoproterozoic strata.

在一些地区寒武纪地层与新元古代晚期地层是连续的。

Saturated brine is a major composition of completing fluid for deep exploration well and has serious causticity for casing.

饱和盐水溶液是针对西北地区复杂地层深探井的特殊地层条件研制的试油完井液体系中的主要成分，溶液中的C l-总含量达186000ppm，并且深探井的井底温度高达120~140℃，这种环境对套管具有极强的腐蚀性。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失