地壳

"Taliks form when the downwelling summer heating wave extends deeper than the corresponding winter cooling wave, thereby preventing the talik from refreezing in winter and permitting heat to accumulate at depth as soil ice melts," the scientists said in their study to be published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.

&由于在地壳板块压力下下降的夏季暖流比相应的冬季寒流沉潜得更深，居间不冻层得以形成，也因此居间不冻层在冬季能够不再结冰，保证土壤中的冰融化时热量在地底深处也能够流通。&研究人员在这份发表于《地球物理学通信》杂志的研究论文中写道。

In North Tibet, the advanced subduction plate started to break off, which resulted in mixture of the crust materials and mantle materials, and formed the source region of richening molten materials. The large-scale volcanic activity appeared in the central-north part of the plateau.

高原北部，先行俯冲板片发生断离，其地壳物质与地幔物质混合，从而形成板内富集熔体的源区，并在高原中、北部形成大规模的火山岩。

The plate previously subduced had started to break off, which resulted in its crust materials and mantle materials being mixed up, and formed the source region of richening molten materials. The large-scale magma activity appeared in the two blocks of Himalayan and Lhas-Gangdese.

先行俯冲板片发生断离，其地壳物质与地幔物质混合，从而形成板内富集熔体的源区，并在喜马拉雅—拉萨块体内形成了大规模的岩浆活动。

Landscape evolution ; surficial process ; crustal process ; mountain belt ; rifted margin

景观演化；地表过程；地壳过程；造山带；裂开边缘

Between 2,500 yr BP and 1,800 yr BP. This was a neo-glacial age with a cold snap. The ice-cap on the King George Island and Ardley Island advanced. Iso -static adjustment lowered the palaeo -first terrace at the edge of Ardley Island under the high tide sea level. This made the rookeries around Y2 lake disappear and Y2 lake changed into a lagoon. The fact of Y2 lake under the sea level was coincident with the radiocarbon age (2180±95 yr BP) of the modern third raised beach terrace with 14m-height above the sea level near Yin ' Ou lake in the Fildes Peninsula.

第二阶段，距今1，800至2，500年，该时期气候骤冷，温度急降，该时期乔治王岛的冰帽有所扩张，同时在阿德雷岛上也出现小规模冰进，由于&地壳均衡&补偿使得该岛边缘古一级阶地处于高潮海平面之下，Y2湖周围的企鹅聚居地消失，该时期 Y2湖沉积表现为泻湖相沉积，与 Y2湖相邻的 Fildes 半岛燕鸥湖边海拔14米的上升海滩的三级阶地14 C 年龄为2180±95yr。

Firstly, geologic earthquakes - sometimes called tectonic earthquakes - are caused by the rupturing of faults in the earth's crust.

首先，地质地震-有时也叫做构造地震-是由地球的地壳层破裂造成的。

The deepest earthquakes typically occur at plate boundaries where the Earth's crust is being subducted into the Earth's mantle.

最深的地震通常发生在板块边界的地方的地壳正在俯冲到地球的地幔。

Evidently, the sulfates normally in seawater are converted to hydrogen sulfide as the water passes through the warm crust

显而易见，平常含于海水的硫酸盐在海水通过暖地壳时转变成了硫化氢。

In about 25,000,000 year, the Changbai Mountain area experienced 4 volcanic eruption activity, the basaltic magma embarked from the upper mantle, upwelled unceasingly along the earth's crust in giant crevasse, spouted the surface by the huge energy (in geology to be called crevasse type volcanic eruption).

在大约2500万年的时间里，长白山地区经历了4次火山喷发活动，玄武岩浆从上地幔出发，沿着地壳中的巨大裂隙不断上涌，以巨大的能量喷出地表（地质学上称为裂隙式火山喷发）。

Based on the detailed study of seismic tomography image in South China, and according to the geotectonic environment and shape and heat of asthenosphere upwelling, we divided the structure of lithosphereasthenosphere at the Mesozoic upper mantle of Eastern China into three types.(1)Continental platform area (North China platform and Yangtze platform): asthenosphere upwelled along paleorift; over the plume head, the granitic rocks of crust and mantle mixed and correspondingly, Au, Cu, Mo, PbZn, etc. mineralizationconcentrated regions were formed; and at the steep contact belt of asthenosphere and the thick area of lithosphere, mediatebasic complex was formed.(2)Central area of fold zone: asthenosphere was "recumbent" at suitable depth, with adequate heat and in a great extent; by heat conduction, the interior of partial crust remelted, and the crustsource granitic rocks, and correspondingly, W, Sn and rare elements mineralizationconcentrated regions were formed.

在深入研究华南地震层析成像的基础上，按照大地构造环境和软流圈上涌形状和热度，将中国东部中生代上地幔中岩石圈软流圈构造划分为3类：(1)陆台区，软流圈沿古裂陷上涌，其柱头上方形成幔壳混熔花岗质岩及相应Au、Cu、Mo、PbZn等矿集区，并于软流圈与岩石圈厚区之陡接触带形成中基性杂岩及相应Fe矿集区；(2)褶皱带中心区，软流圈在适当深度、热量充足、较大范围内&平卧&，因热传导而致使地壳内物质部分重熔，形成壳源型花岗质岩及相应的W、Sn、稀有元素矿集区；(3)褶皱带边缘区(大兴安岭南部及华南南缘)，在软流圈上涌柱上方形成幔源或幔壳混熔的花岗质岩，相应为Cu、Au、PbZn、Mo、Ag矿集区。

The basic concept of FOP can be summarized as to further optimize effective prescription according to the standard of curative effects and with the aid of modern science and technology and theories of traditional Chinese medicine.

其基本内涵可概括为：以确有疗效的中药复方为研究对象，以现代科学技术和传统中医药理论为技术支持，以该复方所治病证的药效响应为评价标准，以优化重组疗效更优的新复方为研究目的。

Ever since our world has been a world, native forests have been indiscriminately exploited by man.

自从我们的世界一直是世界原生森林被任意剥削人。