地名

Based on"the examination and approval movement for selecting characters and pronunciationsof national region names", the paper discusses the essence , content and characteristics of literate standard of toponym and then illustrates its six principles , including theorization , distinguishability , consistence , normalization , concision and habitualness.

本文以目前正在开展的"全国政区名称用字读音审定工作"为出发点，系统论述了地名语文标准的性质、内容和特点，提出并阐释了地名语文标准的六大原则：理据性原则、区别性原则、同一性原则、规范性原则、简易性原则、习惯性原则。地名标准化；语文标准；用字与读音；原则

The paper focuses on the map design problem of LBS navigation service.the thesis brings forward that placenames can be used for route navigation landmarks according to the toponym"s characteristic and researches the principle and method of toponym cognitive ranking partition, and visualizes the map content by the toponym"s ranking.

本文研究LBS导航服务时的地图设计问题。本文在研究地名特性基础上提出将地名作为路线导航地标，并研究地名认知等级划分的原则、依据和方法。

Thesis aim at the large and complicated toponyms in the maps, and make a symetic anti proper specification. According to above feature and map compilation, we can combine with asymbol data to the module of design the system of toponym standard specification and toponym database.

本文之研究针对地图中巨量、繁复的地名资料，研拟系统性之分类设计，以地名基本特性及编图原则为著眼点，并与地图符号资料相互配合，期能据以规划全国性地名资料分类体系之规范化模式。

The main tasks of regional toponymy are to study the general characteristic of placenames of a region, and to study its naming, meanings, classification, distributiog, value, management, changes, development trend, and the comparison of toponymy in different regions.

区域地名研究的主要任务是：研究一个地域地名的总体特征，地名的命名、含义、分类、分布、价值、演变、管理以及不同区域地名的比较等。

The fact that these methods are based on those already used in the study of toponyms means that they can be adapted and applied within an urban context, whether it be for the elaboration of a toponymic, microtoponymic, or mixed inventory.

在这些方法是对已在研究中使用的地名的事实意味着它们能够适应并在城市范围内适用，无论是对制订一个地名，microtoponymic，或混合（地名和microtoponymic）库存。

This article,taking Yanqing,Beijing as an example,seeks for the informa- tion system of toponomy,and its academic value,with emphasis on the in- vestigation and analysis of regional names,so as to make each region a nat- ural information pool of the study of toponnomy.

本文以北京延庆为例，探讨了地名科学体系的信患系统及地名的学术研究价值，强调地名学的研究必须着眼于区域地名的调查和分析，使每个地区真正变成地名研究的信息库。

Part II: In accordance with the meaning of Zhuang toponomys, summed up several factors strong associated with the spatial distribution of the Zhuang toponomy,including the altitude, distance to the central cities, and distance to traffic line, whether in the land of paddy soil or irrigation area, the slope and aspect.

第二部分：根据壮语地名的涵义，总结出了海拔高度，与中心城市距离，与交通线距离，是否靠近或在灌溉用地或水稻土范围内、山体坡度、坡向几个与壮语地名的空间分布存在相关性的因子，经过统计分析发现壮语地名和非壮语地名相比较而言在空间分布上具有这样的特点：聚居地海拔高，与中心城市距离远，拥有灌溉耕地的机会多，距离铁路近。

Superimposing geographical name data on image data to analyze can judge the change...

将影像数据与地名数据叠加分析，可以判断出实体的类型、位置的主化，并分析实体与地名数据的匹配情况，从而达到监测地名变化的目的，为地名数据更新提供新的手段。

For example, a way in which place names may preserve a record of former topographical conditions has been pointed out in a recent article by Wilhelm Troll, who reconstructs the probable distribution of the forests on the glacial soils in the vicinity of Munich before the Thirty Years' War largely from the evidence supplied by toponyms correlated with the terrain.20 The relative abundance of names, or density of the place name cover, depends upon a variety of circumstances.

例如，在Wilhelm Troll最近的论文中已指出了一种据此地名可以保存关于以前地形条件记录的方法，他根据地名与地形的相互关系所提供的证据，重建了于30年前的战争之前在慕尼黑附近冰碛土上森林大概的分布。[20] 地名，或者地名覆盖密度的相对丰富与否取决于多种情况。

For example, a way in which place names may preserve a record of former topographical conditions has been pointed out in a recent article by Wilhelm Troll, who reconstructs the probable distribution of the forests on the glacial soils in the vicinity of Munich before the Thirty Years' War largely from the evidence supplied by toponyms correlated with the terrain.20 The relative abundance of names, or density of the place name cover, depends upon a variety of circumstances.

例如，在Wilhelm Troll最近的论文中已指出了一种据此地名能保存关于以前地形条件记录的办法，他根据地名与地形的相互关系所提供的证据，重建了于30年前的战争之前在慕尼黑附近冰碛土上森林大概的分布。[20] 地名，或者地名覆盖密度的相对丰富与否取决于多种情况。在密集移民的领地，地名自然是丰富的，但是它们在那些常常被游览但不曾被永久占据的地区同样是丰富的。·求助人工翻译，在线等！谢绝机器翻译！

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。