地下隧道

Because of the difference between the spatial property of the slope and the cavity, different cut arithmetic are adopted, algebraic operation between digital elevation model for the slope and section incision method for the cavity.

对于出露于地表的工程，诸如边坡、基坑等，采用多层DEM的代数运算方法；对于镶嵌于地下的工程，诸如隧道、洞室等，则采用斜切剖面的方法。

The main environment geological question is: The earth"s crust where the faultage and earthquake are active is unstable; collapse , landslide, mud-rock flow and soil erosion ; The underground karst subsides, seepage question; Basic rock expand, expend and compress soil body, the salt deposit corrode out of shape and groundwater"s corrodent harm; The soft soil question of basin; The soft rock body, cracked rock and the weathering rock are relatively poor stability; High and cold regional highways and railways" frozen soils freeze and melt calamity problem; The around rock of tunnel are unstable because of the coal seam gas, spring water, underground developed area; Project cutting slopes, constructed abandon soil and reservoir, lake"s ecology geological environmental protection issue; Thedangerous shoal of the channel % submerged reef question; The problem of rebuilding channel project and dock etc.; And the problem of unstable ground and groundwater corrosivity during building airport; At the same time, with the international big pathways" implementation and completions of constructions, adjusting the cities and counties" constructions , the crowd occupy changing , the cultivated land distribute changing and the adjustments of structure, will cause local environmental geological issues outstanding; According to multiple statistical analysis , value calculate and integrated appraise result, in the northwest and southwest of Yunnan, the traffic relatively low density, traffic engineering is relatively weak impact on environment, It is the area where a environme

主要的环境地质问题是：活动性断裂、地震带的地壳不稳定；崩塌、滑坡、泥石流及水土流失；地下岩溶塌陷、渗漏问题；基础岩体膨胀、胀缩土体、含盐层侵蚀变形和地下水的腐蚀危害；盆地软土问题；软弱岩体、碎裂、风化岩体稳定性较差；高寒地带公路、铁路建设的冻土冻融灾害问题；煤层瓦斯、涌水、地下采空区等隧道围岩不稳定问题；工程切坡、施工弃土及水库、湖泊生态地质环境保护问题；航道险滩、暗礁问题；渠化工程、码头等库岸再造问题；以及机场建设中的不稳定地基及地下水腐蚀性问题；同时，随着大通道建设的实施和完成，城镇建设的调整、人群居落的变化和耕地分布及结构的调整组合，都可能造成局部环境地质问题的突出等等。经多元统计分析数值计算、综合评价结果，滇西北、滇西南地区交通密度较低，交通工程对环境的影响程度较弱，是环境地质状况好的区域；有主要高原湖泊分布区的，包括昆明、个旧、文山的滇东南区域，环境地质状况较好；大姚、楚雄、篙明及会泽、昭通一镇雄的区域，即滇中北部中生界红层和滇东北岩溶区，环境地质状况中等；而包括保山、德宏、大理、临沧的滇西地区及景东一墨江以东、双柏一石屏一河口以西及东川一寻甸一曲靖地段的滇中一滇东地区，环境地质状况较差。云南国际大通道建设涉及全省区域，如何利用地质环境、实现可持续发展，就必须依赖于国际大通道建设与地质环境之间良性关系的建立。应本着对区域地质环境客观存在的科学认识原则、建设过程中环境效益优先的可持续发展原则、法制性原则、对大通道建设中环境地质的因地制宜及其可防治性原则。并且从组织管理、不同类型大通道、不同环境地质问题类型等方面，提出了对策措施。最后，提出了建立国际大通道建设与环境地质良性关系的宏观建议。

For the analysis of tunnel, different depth of burial, spacing interval andstiffness of subjacent bed are considered;for the analysis of building on the groundand pile foundation, relative position is mainly considered;for the undergroundpipeline, depth of burial, relative position, material texture and stiffness of subjacentbed are considered.

对于隧道的影响分析，考虑了不同的埋深、间距和不同下卧层刚度；对于地表建筑物和桩基础主要考虑了与隧道不同的相对位置；对于地下管线，埋深、相对位置、材质、下卧层刚度等应因素进行了考虑。

First, the great data of the earthquake disaster for the tunnel and underground structure in home and abroad are analyzed.

首先，对国内外有关隧道及地下结构的震害资料进行分类、整理和研究，总结出山岭隧道的震害破坏模式、震害影响因素及震害破坏机理。

Combined with Laohugou tunnel project and according to the different underground water yielding,it builds the different sealing batholite ,finishes the water stopping by using purdah injecting,and stops the leakage of the underground water,and this supplies theoretical reference and practical experiences to further extend the technique.

结合老虎沟隧道工程，根据不同的地下出水情况，成功地建造了不同的止浆岩盘，运用帷幕注浆完成了隧道的堵水工作，制止了地下水的流失，为进一步推广这一技术提供了理论参考和实践经验。

With the development of underground structures in Shanghai, the ground freezing method is more and more widely used in tunnel construction (such as the soil reinforcement of the passway and pumping house of tunnels).

冻结法施工在上海隧道建设中（如隧道旁通道、地下泵房等的设计与施工）得到广泛应用，也曾引发过严重的地质灾害（如上海地铁4号线外滩段的地质灾害）。

Therefore, to study the reconsolidation of disturbed soil and its influence on metro tunnel is very useful for controlling the disturbance of construction and the deformation of metro tunnel.

因此，研究扰动土体再固结及其对地铁隧道的影响，对于控制地下工程施工扰动和地铁隧道变形是很有用的。

Construction of various urban underground engineering, deep-buried tube work, large span highway tunnel are greatly improving tunnel construction technology.

一系列的城市地下工程、深埋管道工程、大跨度公路隧道的修建，大大促进了隧道施工技术的进步。

In 1963 several British coal miners found a stairs to the underground shaft when they excavated a tunnel in England. They heard clear sounds of movements of mechanical units from underground. But, soon the stairs and the entrance to the underground shaft disappeared without a trace.

1963年，英国的几名煤矿工人在挖掘一条隧道时发现一个通向地下井的楼梯，在楼梯口听到了地底下有清晰的机械运动声音，但楼梯和通向地下井的入口不一会儿就都消失得无影无踪了。

Students also suggested to transform an underground tunnel into a teens art gallery, connecting to underground performance stage and Wong Tai Sin Dragon Market.

同学亦留意到区内一条行人隧道使用率低，希望改造成「地下青少年艺术廊」，连接地下舞台及黄大仙腾龙墟商场，吸引更多路人，减少罪案发生。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。