在诉讼中

If an issue tried in a criminal action,however,a conviction of the defendant in the criminal action ordinarily is preclusive in favor of the plaintiff in the tort action.

即使刑事诉讼中被审理的问题，对侵权诉讼中的某些方面有决定性作用，刑事诉讼中对被告的定罪，在侵权诉讼中通常也不能作为支持原告诉讼请求的事项。

First, on the hand of litigation, the world is moving towards a more normative solution in the jurisdiction, adjudication and execution of lawsuits concerning shareholders rights. China should bring in litigations concerning right to address inquiries as a remedy to the imperfection of law. The scope and object of adjudication of court should be determined by the nature of case. Ways to perfect specific provisions in the area of jurisdiction, time limit, preservation measures as well as execution are also proposed in the paper. Second, on the hand of non-litigation, scrutinizer as a means of non-litigation is neutral and order of investigation is convenient. Non-litigation should be brought into Chinese company law as a supplement of litigation.

第一，各国及各地区立法在股东知情权诉讼的管辖、审理及执行等方面的规范更加完善，重点结合我国司法实践中股东知情权诉讼的争议，认为应当建立质询权诉讼机制弥补法律的缺失，依据知情权诉讼的本质确定法院的受理范围及审理对象，探讨通过完善股东知情权理论基础确定诉讼的被告，同时对诉讼中具体规范如管辖、诉讼时效、保全措施及执行等方面的完善提出建议；第二，检查人选任制度作为非诉讼救济方式具有中立、全面的特点，调查令方式具有方便的优势，从而建议我国公司法可引入非诉讼救济方式作为诉讼救济方式的补充。

In order to establish a feasible shareholder derivative suit system, we should study and solve the following problems such as the qualification of party, the precedent processes, the preventing of abusing rights, the sponsion, payment and sharin...

合理地构建股东代表诉讼制度，要求我们确立正确的指导思想并使之贯彻于整个立法和司法的过程。在具体制度设计上，需要重点解决股东代表诉讼中的当事人资格、前置程序、诉讼费用担保与恶意诉讼阻却、诉讼费用的交纳与负担等问题。

After completing study on the rural dispute under the lawsuit dimension and the lawsuit under the rural dispute dimension,analyzing concretely the relationship between the type of rural dispute and the lawsuit efficiency,the suability trend of rural dispute,the rural soil of rural lawsuit,farmers in the rural lawsuit,the new c...

应在完成对诉讼维度下的农村纠纷和农村纠纷维度下的诉讼的考察，具体地分析农村纠纷的类型与诉讼效能发挥的关系，农村纠纷的可诉性趋势，农村诉讼的乡村土壤，农村诉讼中的农民，农村诉讼的新特点等方面的因素后，才能对当前的农村纠纷诉讼作出一个准确的定位，而这个定位是今后研究诉讼解决农村纠纷的有效性的逻辑起点。

A great number of private prosecution cases still need go through the three steps including investigation, prosecution and trial. Thus, the idea of justice and efficiency pursued bythe judiciary is too far from the actual practice on the light crimes in China. It is quite necessary, therefore, to absorb the rational factors in foreign criminal proceeding institutions on solving the light crime cases into the provisions on private prosecution in Chinas criminal proceeding law, and promote the application in judicial practice, and finally perfect and renovate them in the level of institution design.Establishment of reconciliation cesser secta axiom.

综上，虽然我国刑诉法及相关解释规定了8类轻微刑事案件可以自诉，但在实践中由于种种原因，真正通过自诉的途径解决的案件却微乎其微，大量的可以自诉的轻微犯罪案件仍需经过侦查、起诉、审判三道程序来终结，司法所追求的公正和效率的理念与我国现行对轻微犯罪的规制实践相去甚远，因此，在现有的法律框架内，参照我国刑事诉讼法关于自诉程序的规定，吸收国外刑事诉讼制度中解决轻微刑事案件诉讼效率的合理因素，在司法实践中加以倡导适用、在制度设计上加以完善创新是很有必要：确立和解终结诉讼原则。

General Contractor shall ensure that should the Owner be joined as a party in any action or proceeding arising out of the violation or an alleged violation of the Labor Law of China in the performance of the Contract, the General Contractor, Subcontractor or Materialman violating or alleged to have violated such law, or using or introducing goods manufactured or alleged to have been manufactured in violation of the law, shall defend and hold harmless the Owner in any such action or proceeding and pay and defray any damage, expense and cost of any description by reason thereof, including reasonable attorneys fees.

5.5 在合同履行过程中时，如果因违反了或有嫌疑违反了中国劳动法而引起的法律诉讼，使发包人成为诉讼参与人，则违反或有嫌疑违反了上述法律的、或者使用或采用违法制造的或有嫌疑违法制造的物品的总承包人、分包人或材料商应在任何这类诉讼中为发包人辩护，使发包人免受损失，并支付因此而产生的各类损失、费用和开支，包括合理的律师费。

We shoed study from foreign country,relaxing restrictions of party,establishing environmental group,enhancing the administration in group action,etc.It can improve representative action system in the action of environment in China.

在借鉴国外先进经验基础上，我国应当在放宽对代表人权限过多限制、确立民间环保团体组织诉讼地位、加强集团诉讼政策制定功能等方面完善我国环境诉讼中的代表人诉讼制度。

With regard to the lack of corresponding entity right backing for "execute the third party" according to the procedure law in current Chinese creditor"s subrogation system;the inconsistence between the entity law and the procedure law for the conditions to exercise creditor"s subrogation;the obscure effect of the exercising of the creditor"s subrogation;the indefiniteness of right and status of the parties in the subrogation proceeding and so on,it is suggested that amend the civil code,confine the creditor"s subrogation system,coordinate the rules in entity law and procedure law related to the debtees" to exercise their subrogation,define the creditor"s subrogation,the right and obligation of related parties in the procedure,perfect the rules in procedure law in order to provide proceeding procedure security for the realization of the creditors subrogation.

并针对我国现行债权人代位权制度在程序法中&执行第三人&缺乏相应实体权利依据、实体法与程序法有关债权人代位权行使条件规定不一致、债权人行使代位权效力不清、当事人在代位权诉讼中的地位和权利不明确等诸多缺欠，提出了制定民法典确定债权人代位权制度、协调实体法和程序法中关于债权人行使代位权的规定、明确债权人代位权诉讼相关当事人的权利义务、完善程序法规定为债权人代位权实现提供诉讼程序保障的意见。

In thefirst place,the author eriticizes the confusion of conflicts of actions incivil procedural law textbooks in our country.On the basis ofreference to the viewpoint in face in civil law countries,and based onsubstantive law theory concerning object of action,the author gives adetailed and deepened analysis of the possible theoretical andprocedural questions of objective conflict of civil actions.Then theauthor studies the definitions,conditions,procedures and the processof court decision-making about the alteration of theobject of action,and tries to construct a whole set of theoretical system concerningobjective conflicts of action and alteration of the object of action.

首先，本文批判了我国民事诉讼法教材中关于诉的合并概念的混乱现象，在借鉴世界大陆法系通行的理论观点的前提下，以诉讼标的理论实体法学说为基础，分析了客观的诉的合并的条件、种类，论述了客观诉的合并的审查与裁判的过程，对民事诉讼中客观的诉的合并可能涉及的诸多理论和程序问题进行了深入细致的分析；在此基础之上，进一步对诉讼标的的变更的含义、条件以及诉讼标的变更的程序和法院的裁判过程进行了研究，力图建立一套完整的客观的诉的合并和诉讼标的的变更理论体系。

The civil litigation for public interests could implement the judicialfoundation of settlement of disputes, maintain the order of private law and public lawin the way of protecting the right of the parties by favorable procedure, prescribingthe system of civil litigation for public interest in legislation and endowing the right oflitigation to the parties.

本文以充分保障当事人在民事公益诉讼中的诉讼权利为理念，充分发挥各类主体在公益诉讼中的积极作用，使得民事公益诉讼这一公共利益法律救济手段能够在我国得以发展。

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。