在西方

The form discussion studies Liang Zongdai and Ye Gongchao respectively introduced and spreaded the French imagism and British and American formalism. The Poem special issue in the literature and art supplement of Ta kung Pao Newspaper and New Poetry organized twice discussions in poetic forms. The pure poetry school introduced that the modernists introduced the western and ancient pure poetry theories: from Baudelaire, Mallarme, Vale'ry, H. Read, A. Bremond to J.M. Murray, and the basic idea and difference of pure poetry. Besides, a lot of modem poets became greatly interested in pursuit heat of the pure poetry in late Tang and Nan Song dynasties, studying the development and variation of pure poetry. Music theory argues that modernists make introduction and reform on the western and Chinese music theory. He Qifang and Bian Zhilin continue the topic to the contemporary time, and put forward the theoretical frames in Chinese poetry. Rhyme and rhythm theory make researches on the introduction and reform of French symbolism and British and American modernists' rhyme and rhythm theory, making studies on the Chinese new form poetry and its thyme and rhythm theory.

纯诗论是形式论的重心；对西方和古代的纯诗理论之引入，引进了从坡到波德莱尔、马拉美、瓦莱里、默里、里达、白瑞蒙的纯诗理论；纯诗理论的基本内涵与差异；诸多现代派诗人掀起了晚唐南宋纯诗热，对姜夔、严羽作了新的理解；对纯诗理论的发展和变异，含梁宗岱的现象学形式论，何其芳的唯美论与形式论，现代派诸人的诗本体论；梁宗岱对纯诗理论的中国化研究，含梁宗岱的超越性与形式性，"超验"与"妙悟"的比较研究与形态超脱性的比较研究；中西纯诗形态的超脱性等；现代派纯诗论是对初期白话诗理论的清算，对新月派、象征派探索的总结和发展，音乐论是对纯诗论的延伸和对格律论的发展；现代派引入研究了西方诗学音乐论理论，含坡、瓦莱里、里德的纯诗音乐论、抽象音乐论、各种具体的音乐论技术论点；引入了中国古代诗学中关于诗与音乐、音韵、音顿、音义、平仄双声叠韵等音乐的理论；进行了两次关于新诗音乐论的大讨论；在节奏、音顿、音韵三方面借鉴了西方的理论，同时改造了古代的格律理论，扬弃了平仄说，何其芳、卞之琳把新诗音乐论命题延续到当代，提出了汉诗音乐论的理论框架。

He extended the theory of Depth Psychology into the study and criticism of novels , affirmed the human significance and modern aesthetic value of psychological novel , and revealed the psychological nature of the history of Western fiction from the phenomenon of the unconsciousness . Freud s theories pounded at the novel writing principle of Western Classicism , and affected the theoretical position and the writing concept of modern Western novelists .

从20世纪初期起弗洛伊德就在小说观念领域悄然发动了一次革命，他把自己的"深层心理学"理论延伸到了小说理论研究和批评之中，明确肯定了"心理小说"的人性意义和现代审美价值，并从"无意识"表现的历史存在揭示了西方小说史的心理学本质，对西方古典主义的小说创作原则造成了极大的冲击，有力地影响了西方现代小说家的理论立场和创作观念。

Just because that we adopted the attitude of pragmatism while absorbing the western culture and thoughts, so shielded the redemption consciousness of western culture and sacrifice spirit; shielded the loftiness of tragedy and Bacchus spirit of Dionysos; shielded the western wise man's criticism spirit of self-subversion against metaphysics; shielded the artists 'courage of confronting reality and fearless art experimentation spirit.

正是由于我们在吸纳西方文化思想过程中急切地采用了实用主义的态度，因而屏蔽了西方文脉中的救赎意识、牺牲精神；屏蔽了悲剧崇高及狄奥尼索斯的酒神精神；屏蔽了西方哲人对"形而上学"自我拆解、自我颠覆的批判精神；屏蔽了艺术家勇于对抗现实以及大无畏的艺术实验精神。

The images of China have contributed discursively as the symbol of cultural utopia to construct the experiences of Western modernity.The images of China appeared in three stereotypes and represented different facets of meaning in early modern times.

研究西方的中国形象，不是研究中国文化，而是从一个侧面、一个角度研究西方的文化史或观念史，在中西跨文化空间中探讨西方现代性的生成过程与意义。

All of these hadsurpassed the Slav trend of thought who only simply favored itsown specific property and would rather go back to the formerRussian era they would cultivate the most excellent ideas ofmankind in the episode to the society itself the purposeinvented in a new way in fast was the performance of thethought of going Russia's special road in the new period ofPlekhanov took the opinion that Russia had been on the way tocapitalism and it was not realistic to talk about surpassing itand then held doctrinally that Russia had not yet possessedthe factors of realizing the socialist revolution.

民粹主义这种本质上主张走俄罗斯独特道路的认识，是要把西方最先进的理想即社会主义理想与自身的优势村社这一基础结合起来，在资本主义已产生于西方而又暴露其弊病的情况下，使俄罗斯走出一条不同于西方模式的跨越资本主义之路。

First of all, the first chapter mainly analyze the phenomenon of homosexual and the love which Song Liling as an actor in Opera for his homosexual complex lays on Gallimard.The second chapter maily analyzes Song Liling\'s hatred towards Occident by looking back to the history that China is humiliated by Occident for one hundred years and the background Song Liling lived in.This part also expatiates how he plays M.Butterfly who is loved by Gallimard and finally control Gallimard in order to take revenge on Occident.The third chapter maily combines the Floid\'s Id with Superego theory to analyze that Song Liling dramatically compromise the contradiction between his homosexual love and racial hatred and he is converted into a Pinkerton role entangled by this complex and can not get the recognition from morality and justice.

其中，第一节主要分析中国戏园中同性恋存在的现象，以及作为男旦的戏剧演员宋丽玲因同性恋情结而对伽利玛产生一定的同性之爱；第二节主要通过回顾中国百年来受到西方帝国主义凌辱的历史并结合宋丽玲生活的时代(来源：a6ABecC论文网www.abclunwen.com)背景来分析其对西方产生的种族之恨，并详细阐释了他如何通过扮演伽利玛心目中的蝴蝶夫人来最终达到控制伽利玛，报复西方的目的；第三节主要结合弗洛伊德的本我与超我理论来分析宋丽玲戏剧性地调解内心对伽利玛的同性之爱与种族之恨的矛盾，以及在这种爱与恨的纠结之下转化为平克顿式的角色，失去了道义上的认可。

It follows that it is both important and necessaryfor us Chinese scholars to approach the problem of translation from our special perspectives, and in the meantime have a good understanding or western and other translation theories, before finally integrating them into a translation theory of universal validity.

西方的翻译理论工作者通过努力似乎已经构筑了一个以西方翻译理论为基础的通天塔，我们现在解构这个通天塔，目的并非是用具有中国特色的翻译理论去取而代之，而是在东、西方和其他翻译思想的基础上构筑世界翻译学，重建通天塔。

The difference between western culture and eastern culture makethe their social environments different. The western is inclined to issue-resolve, law culture,individual value, which makes traditional accusatorial action ecology go on and on; theeastern is inclined to no dispute, person-administration and nation-dominant, which formsthe Chinese CA ecology characterized with inquisitorial elements, especially the formationof the absolute power leads the random of the CA.

东方文化与西方文化的巨大差异使得刑事诉讼生态随着社会环境的变迁转换的进度与程度的极大差异性，西方的好讼观念、法治文化、个人本位价值观使得西方刑事诉讼生态的弹劾成份在一个相当长的历史时期得以维续；东方社会尤其是中国的无讼意识、人治文化和家国本位价值观使得刑事诉讼生态很早就形成了纠问成份特别浓厚的刑事诉讼生态，尤其是绝对王权的形成导致刑事诉讼极大依附特性与权力的相当恣意性。

In this text the first part analyses the origin of the appearance of modern painting's decorative character, that is because of the development of the society under which is subjected to the new philosophy thought and art idea, meanwhile it is stimulated by the originality art and east art etc; in the second part elaborates the exploration of painting's decorative character by Western modern painting artists by analysising individual cases; the third part recounts the concrete manifestation of modern painting's decoration by analysising the composition, shape, color, skin texture aspect etc; the forth part puts forward the influence of western modern painting's adornment element to China contemporary painter and China painters'investigation to the adornment element.

本文第一部分分析西方现代绘画出现装饰性的历史渊源，既是由于社会的发展，受新的哲学思想、艺术观念的影响，又是受原始艺术和东方艺术等外来艺术的刺激；第二部分以个案分析的形式阐述了西方现代派画家对绘画装饰性的探索；第三部分着重从构图、造型、色彩、肌理等几个方面来述说现代绘画装饰性的具体表现；第四部分提出西方现代绘画装饰性对中国当代画家的影响及中国画家在装饰性上的探索。

Cai's thinking changed greatly in the conflict between Chineseand west cultures.He had studied abroad many times for mixing thewest culture and throughing out the old rules of the traditionalculture.By comparing the cultures between the west and China,hethought that the cream of the west culture was in science and arts,and pointed out that the cream of the west culture should be usedfor China,and that the meeting of the different cultures might creatout a new culture.

蔡元培在中西文化冲突中发生思想裂变，为寻找文化新路曾多次出国留学和考察，旨在融合西方文化而抛弃传统的陈规旧法；他就中西文化作出比较，认为西方的精华和优势在科学和美术，主张吸收西方文化精华而消化&为'我'之一部&，说明不同的文化接触必能创造出新文化；他对外来文化坚持吸收、融合而不被其同化的主张，是中国文化现代化历程中对待外来文化的正确态度。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。