在增加

The results indicated that good wavelength stabilization could be obtained when a collimating cylindrical lens with diameter of 0.4 mm was used.

研究表明，在相同的工作电流、热汇温度下，当准直柱透镜直径为0.4 mm时的波长稳定效果较好；在此情况下，当热汇温度控制在30 ℃，工作电流从0.5 A增加到1.5 A的测量范围内，以及当工作电流固定在1.5 A，热汇温度从20 ℃增加到35 ℃时，测得的光谱特性表明，半导体激光器的工作波长可以很好地稳定在体布拉格光栅的布拉格波长处。

Theobserved strain is 10~2 times as local point strain at the same observed stress.This indicates that macroscopical symmetrical rock is quasi-brittle materialwith microcosmic heterogeneousness and its macroscopical mechanicalbehavior is the results of reciprocity and magnification between microcosmiccharacteristic, not simple sum.(4) The degree of irregularity of strain increases with the number of cycle.But degree of irregularity of transverse strain fluctuates larger at the samecycle. Moreover degree of irregularity of transverse strain is larger than that ofaxial strain. This shows that deformation and failure of rock is process ofevolvement of small crack. Small crack evolves from even and out-of-orderstatus to heterogeneous and ordinal status.(5) Ultrasonic speed decreases with the number of cycle. The decreasecourse is such: Firstly, ultrasonic speed fluctuates in a steady scope in somecycles; And then ultrasonic speed quickly decreases to a certain more smallvalue; Afterwards in succedent cycles, ultrasonic speed fluctuates about thevalue. That is to say, ultrasonic speed fluctuates and decreases at intervals ofcycles. In deformation process of rock, quantitative change and qualitativechange of its small crack evolvement carry through crosswise.(6) Strength and modulus of rock decrease with exponential function asscale of specimens increases.

同一表观应力下，局部点应变与表观应变相差可达2个数量级，表明宏观上均匀的岩石是具有细观特征的准脆性材料，其宏观力学行为是细观特征相互作用、放大的综合结果，而不是简单的叠加；(4)岩样轴向应变不均匀程度和横向应变不均匀程度随循环次数的增加渐进增大，但是在同一个循环内，横向应变离散系数随应力的变化波动较大，且同一循环级别下，横向应变不均匀程度大于轴向应变不均匀程度，表明岩石内部微裂纹的演化是岩石变形破坏的本质特征，这一演化表现为微裂纹从均匀无序分布逐渐向非均匀有序发展；(5)随循环次数的增加，所有岩样内部超声波速会出现衰减，衰减过程表现为在某几次循环内超声波速在某一相对范围内波动，然后急剧减小到某一较小值，在随后的循环内，超声波速又会保持在这一较小值附近波动，即超声波速表现为波动和急剧减小间隔形式衰减，表明从宏观看来平稳的岩石变形过程，内部结构演化过程(微裂纹发展及其相互作用)却表现为均匀量变和突发质变不断交叉进行的现象；(6)岩石强度和弹性模量随尺度增大呈指数函数规律减小。

Using the 294cc rotary engine, it can influence the maximum rpm and power of the engine output under the terms of using all kinds of length intake. Then it can find out the best length of intake of the rotary engine. In addition, under the terms of space limit of intake, it can influence the maximum rpm and power of the engine output when the intake is forced to limit on a certain length. To install a resonance in the intake system, according to the equation of Helmholtz, it can design the all kinds of size of the resonance. Using to change the volume and geometirc form of the resonance, it can find out the maximum rpm and horsepower of engine output in order to reduce the influence of the variation of engine intake length. Under the verification of the experimental result, this simple device can increase the rpm and horsepower of the rotary engine obviously to achieve the output performance that the engine requires to supply. Such the revisal of intake need the lower cost but it can obtain very obvious efficiency. It is a very feasible way.

藉由一具294cc的飞行器引擎，在使用各种不同长度进气道的条件下，对引擎所能输出的最大转速及马力有一定的影响，藉此找出该具引擎的最佳进气道长度；此外，在进气道因空间限制的前提下，进气道被迫只能局限某个长度以下时，在这种条件下，引擎所能输出的最大转速与马力等相关性能会随之受到影响，在进气系统加装一个共振腔，配合Helmholtz的方程式，设计出各种共振腔各部位的尺寸，利用改变共振腔的体积与几何形状，可以寻求增加引擎转速与输出马力的最大值，藉此降低进气长度变化所带来的影响，在实验结果的验证下，此一简单的装置可以明显的增加引擎转速与马力，以达到对引擎所需的输出性能要求，这样的进气系统修改所需的费用极低，但却可获得很明显的功效，是十分可行的方式。

Specifically, itcontains 8 chapters.In chapter 1, the formation, structures, properties and the futureprospect of liposome were thoroughly reviewed;In chapter 2, the stibility and permeability of phopholipid -eleostericacid liposome were studied together with the effect of polymerizationof eleostearic acid. This membrane system was very sensitive to 〓,the effect of 〓 was clarified to increase the aggregation/fusion ofliposomes and made the permeability of mixed liposomes much higher;In chapter 3, two polymerizable conjugated diyne bolaamphiphiles were synthesized. They could form very stable mixed liposome, andthe diyne could be polymerized by UV light in bilayer liposomes, as aresult, the stability of mixed liposome against solvent or surfactantafter polymerization were enhanced. In chapter 4, two kinds of amphiphilic amino acids were synthesized andstable liposomes were formed therefrom After the condensationpolymerization of amino acid in bilayer liposomes, stable polypeptide liposomes were obtained, which had lower phase transition temperatureand higher permeability.In chapter 5, four kinds of glycolipids were synthesized and theiraggregation behavior in water was comparied. When incorporated intophospholipid bilayer membranes, they could increase the phase transitiontemperatures and inhibit the aggregation and fusion of mixedliposomesat lower temperature.In chapter 6 and 7, three kinds of steroidal bolaamphiphiles withdifferent chain lengths were synthesized. Incorporation of steroidalmoiety to the center of lipid bilayer membrane obviously increased themobility of lipid membrane and shifted Tc to lower temperature side incomparasion with cholesterol. The bolaamphiphile which was shorter thanthe hosted lipid bilayer membrane thickness influenced the lipid packingmore obviously.

全文共分8章：第一章对脂质体的形成、结构、性质及展望进行了较为详细的文献综述；第二章研究了磷脂-桐酸脂质体的稳定性，通透能力及桐酸的聚合对这些性质的影响；磷脂-桐酸混合脂质体为一类对〓灵敏的脂质体，〓的作用首先是使脂质体集聚然后使脂质体融合，并加速内包荧光物的释放；第三章通过合成两种可聚合共轭双炔双极性双亲分子DDCA，DDOL，研究了共双炔分子在双分子层脂质体膜上的聚合及对脂质体性质的影响，聚合可以提高脂质体相对于溶剂及表面活性剂的稳定性；第四章合成了两类氨基酸为极性基团的双亲分子，它们均可以在超声下形成稳定的脂质体结构；氨基酸基团可以在脂质体上进行缩聚反应，若聚合后脂质体表面仍有足够的亲水能力，则可得到稳定的多肽型脂质体；聚合后脂质体的相变温度降低，通透能力增加；第五章合成了四种亲水基团为单糖基的双亲分子GL-l，GL-2，GL-3， GL-4，研究了它们在水中的分散情况、集合体形态与分子结构的关系；在DMPC双分子层膜中加入糖脂分子可以使脂质体的相变温度提高，阻止脂质体在低温放置时的集聚与融合；第六章-第七章合成了三种不同碳链长度的双极性含胆甾环双亲分子 CL-1，CL-2，CL-3；它们可以象胆固醇一样与磷脂混合形成稳定脂质体，胆甾环基团位于脂质体双分子层膜的中间；与胆固醇的作用相反，它们可以增加磷脂双分子层膜的流动性，降低混合脂质体的相变温度；三种分子的作用与其碳链长度和磷脂双分子层膜的厚度有关，比膜厚度短的分子影响最大。

The results showed an increased mean jitter value, fiber density and abnormal percentage both in EDC and AT muscles in group 1 and II diabetic patients comparing to the normal controls. These findings suggest an impaired or immatured neuromuscular junctions and an evidence of reinnervation through axonal sprouting in the diabetic patients either with or without nerve conduction abnormalities. In conclusion, the changes of axonal degeneration and reinnervation are the main pathophysiological mechanism of diabetic neuropathy, and the SFEMG is more sensitive than routine nerve conduction study in the diagnosis of diabetic neuropathyKeyword Axonal degeneration , diabetes mellitus , neuropathy , single fiber electromyography

结果显示两组糖尿病病患的连续间值差异，肌纤维密度及不正常比率比对照组显著增加(t试验，依序p.01)，在第一组糖尿病患中，伸指总肌的连续波间值差异比第二组高(p.05)，而连续波间值差异与纤维密度之间也成线性相关的增加(伸指总肌，r=0.471，p.01；胫前肌，r=0.386，p.02)，在伸指总肌测得的连续波间值差异上，第一组糖尿病患有75%不正常，第二组有33.3%不正常，而在胫前肌的连续波间值差异上，第一组糖尿病患有83.3%的不正常，第二组有75%不正常，在肌纤维密度的测定中，第一组糖尿病患的伸指总肌有27.8%不正常，胫前肌有58.3%不正常，第二组病患的伸指总肌有25%不正常，胫前肌有41.7%不正常，此结果表示糖尿病神经变造成的神经肌像交接处不稳定及有神经轴再生的重分布现象，因此也证实糖尿病神经病变的主要病理机转为神经的退化所致，而在诊断上单纤维肌电图检查的敏感度也比运动神经传导速度检查为高。

With the inducing time prolonged, the amount of fusion protein increased, and the highest content amounted to 39. 14% of total protein. Different temperature (15℃, 25℃ and 37℃) could induce expression of fusion protein, and the higher inducing temperature was, the more total fusion protein and soluble fusion protein was produced. Most fusion protein was expressed in the cytoplasm and was soluble, a little of fusion protein was expressed in periplasm or expressed as inclusion bodies, and no fusion protein was found in culture. Furthermore, the results of in vitro enzymatic reaction suggested that the fusion protein could catalyze the methylation of theobromine.

随着诱导时间的延长，表达的融合蛋白产量逐渐增加，表达蛋白总量最高可达到菌体总蛋白的39.14％；在15℃、25℃和37℃三个不同的诱导温度下，均能诱导产生融合蛋白，而且产生的融合蛋白的总量及其可溶性部分所占比例均随诱导温度升高而增加；在菌体的各个部位中，融合蛋白主要在细胞质中以可溶的形式进行表达，有少量在外周质中表达或以包含体形式在细胞质中表达。

The peak of lesion sporulation appeared on the 27th day. The most suitable temperature for sporulating was 24℃. If relative humidity was lower than 88%, the lesion could not sporulate. Between 90% and 100%, the higher the RH was, the higher sporulation was. If continuous humidity time was lower than 5 h, the lesion could not sporulate. Between 7 h and 24 h, the longer it was, the higher sporulation was.

病斑产孢潜能高峰在日龄27d，产孢最适温度为24℃，相对湿度在88%以下，病斑不能产孢，在90%~100%范围内，随相对湿度增加产孢量急剧增加，在连续保湿5h以下，病斑不能产孢，在7~24h范围内，时间越长，产孢量越大。

The results show that side force, lift and overturning moment obtained by simulation and by wind tunnel test are consistent. When train travels with certain speed, the aerodynamic force and overturning moment acting on passenger car running on bridge, embankment and flat will increase greatly as cross-wind becomes larger while those increase less when the train runs on cut. Under the condition of strong cross-wind, aerodynamic force and overturning moment acting on train traveling on bridge are the largest. So the train traveling on bridge tends to overturn compared with that traveling on other three kinds of railway conditions. Aerodynamic force and moment acting on train traveling on cut are the least.

研究结果表明：侧向力、升力和倾覆力矩数值模拟结果与风洞实验结果均吻合较好；车速一定时，随着侧风速度的增大，列车在桥梁、路堤、平地上运行所受气动力和倾覆力矩均急剧增加，而在路堑上运行所受气动力及力矩增加缓慢；当侧风速度一定的情况下，客车在高桥上运行所受到的气动力及力矩最大，因此，强侧风下列车在高桥上运行较容易发生倾覆事故；在路堑上所受到的气动力相对最小。

Black→blacken,quick→quicken,soft→soften,hard→ harden 相似形容词多见的再有:mad, deep,thick,weak,dead,fat,flat,red,straight,moist,sharp,white,loose,short,dark,bright,coarse,fast,rough,fresh

等。在这些形容词后增加词缀-en时，red，flat，fat等词应先双写着末子音字母，再增加-en；white，wide等以字母-e结局的单词，增加后缀时，只需加字母-n；fast一词加后缀-en组成的动词 fasten，其含义为&使稳固&，而不是&加快&。

Based on the data analysis and numerical simulation, the Arctic sea ice climate variability was researched, the result were as following:(1) The analysis on the seasonal cycle of the Arctic Ocean and atmosphere showed that: The seasonal surface wind is somewhat trade wind like in some regions in the Arctic. The surface air temperature is robustly determined from the underlying environments such as sea ice and Greenland glaciers. In the sea ice region the precipitation rate is larger than that of evaporation. Furthermore, the Arctic Ocean hydrology is profoundly influenced by the surrounding rivers discharge. These are the decisive factors on the ocean salinity pattern. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait is larger in winter than in summer. From the 40s in the 20th century on, the ice volume flux has an increasing trend. The Arctic rivers flood season is about the melt period, the winter rivers discharge has a significant increasing. Correlation analysis shows that 7 to 10 years is a characteristic time scale that rivers discharge leads Fram Strait ice volume export.(2) Considering 9 major arctic rivers, the Arctic Ocean circulation was simulated through BOM. The result shows that: The BOM can reproduce the main Arctic Ocean circulation pattern. The"Islandization"which is commonly used in OGCMs to treat the North Pole, not only influences the ocean current near the pole, but also influences the current in the Northern Atlantic Ocean, thus the bogus island might influence global climate through thermohaline circulation in the Atlantic Ocean.

在资料分析和数值模拟的基础上，对北极海冰的气候变率进行了深入的研究，结果如下：(1)对北极地区大气和海洋季节循环特征的分析表明，气候平均风场在部分地区具有&信风&的性质；而气温场与海冰分布及格陵兰半岛冰原的下垫面特征有密切关系；在北极海冰区的降水量大于蒸发量，并且在全球大洋中北冰洋受到河流径流的影响最大，对北冰洋的盐度分布有决定作用；通过弗瑞姆海峡的海冰通量在冬半年大于夏半年，并且从20世纪40年代起，海冰的体积输送有增加趋势；北极河流的汛期主要在融化季节，冬季的河流流量有显著增加的趋势；相关分析表明7到10年是北极河流流量影响弗瑞姆海峡海冰体积输送的一个特征时间尺度；(2)采用BOM海洋模式对北冰洋海洋环流进行了模拟研究，在模式中考虑了北极9条主要河流的作用，结果表明该海洋模式可以较好模拟出北冰洋海洋环流的基本特征；多数大洋环流模式采用&北极岛化&的方法处理北极点，模拟结果表明&北极岛化&不仅影响到极点附近的海流，还会对相对较远的北大西洋海流造成影响，并可能通过大西洋的热盐环流对全球气候产生影响；(3)采用CSIM4海冰模式对北极海冰的气候态进行了模拟。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。