在从事活动的

These three are mutually containable, conditionaland with each other for result.

人的实践活动本质不仅创造了人，使人成为主体性的存在，而且是对人的社会存在和社会本质的确证，同时决定了人的发展的过程性、可塑性和永远不能完成性；人的关系本质制约着人的实践活动和人的需要，决定了人必须在社会中生存和发展，是认识人并把人与人区别开来以及理解人的问题在本质上是社会问题的关键所在；人的需要本质是人从事实践活动的根本动因，从而也是社会发展的本源性动因，人的需要本质要求任何一个社会的政治、经济、文化制度、法律、政策、意识形态以及人们参与社会的种种政治、经济、文化等活动都应以满足人的需要为根本出发点和归宿。

It describes Hanseatic League's formation and prosperity, including the definition of the League, organizational structure, etc., and presumes that the powerful League is the resorts of its merchants entering into England and engaging in commercial activities. On the other hand, in England, during 13 to 15 century, because of the burden of "the Hundred Years War", the force of state had weakening; the level of economy seems relative low, which give Hanseatic merchants a huge space to engaged in commercial activities in England.

叙述汉萨同盟的形成和繁荣情况，包括同盟的定义、组织结构、分布范围，认为汉萨同盟的强大是其商人能进入英国从事商业活动的力量凭靠；而13至15世纪的英国，由于"百年战争"，英国的国家力量出现弱化，而经济在横向对比中又显得相对落后，这就为汉萨商人提供了从事商业活动的巨大空间。

Risk is the inherency of finance system and finance activity.

风险是金融体系和金融活动的基本属性之一，风险管理活动是各类金融机构所从事的全部业务和管理活动中最核心的内容。20世纪90年代中期以长期资产管理公司为代表的微观金融风险事件和以墨西哥金融危机、亚洲金融危机为代表的宏观经济现象，引起了人们对金融风险的普遍关注，以及在微观层面上对金融安全运行的深刻反思。

This paper therefore examines the development of "the folklore Pai-Chang of Peking opera aria in Tainan city" through literature review depth-interview oral history and participant observation The concept frame is culture organism as the vertical axle and elements of a folklore activity as the transverse axle There are several significant findings about the general picture of this subject: During the late period of Japanese colonial era Tainan local people who played Peguan music learned Peking opera aria and tried to bring Peking opera aria into the folklore Pai-Chang which was one kind performance and traditional custom of Peguan music Some people who came from other places and played Peking opera aria had also known or learned "Pai-Chang" with touching Tainan local amateurs "Pai-Chang" used to be performed by amateurs for worship of god or goddess or for seasoning and wedding celebration without rewards Amateurs volunteered to perform "Pai-Chang" only for their duty temples and fraternity of Peking opera aria The majority of the audience is people who perform or like "Pai-Chang" or who live nearby There is a fixed pattern of the performance including the repertoire and the arrangement of the band The main meaning of this performace is to pray God's blessings therefore the procedure of "Ban-Hsian" is the most essential and ahead of Peking opera aria singing With time goes by the number of the amateurs has dropped; yet the demand for the worship ceremony remains; hence some of the amateurs have been trained to become professional performers Besides although the idea and the meaning of "Pai-Chang" remains the pattern of the performance has become simplified and rigid which is because of the performers' number decreasing and market adapting Nowadays the whole ecosystem of the folklore Pai-Chang of Peking opera aria in Tainan city keep changing which is mainly influenced by the transition of the society(such as the time and space of the industrial and commercial society being compressed and most people's pursuing of specialization and utilitarianism etc ) According to the findings in this paper the phenomenon can be regarded as the subject matter both of Peking opera and folklore studies For the studies of the Taiwanese culture however the subject not only enriches the subject matters of the Taiwanese culture(signifies the localization of Peking opera and a new pattern of Taiwanese folklore) but also reflects the characters of diversification integration adaptation and compromise of Taiwanese culture which used to be influenced by different regimes and the historical contexts Facing such a multicultural context this paper thus suggests researchers should show an open-minded attitude toward the complex of the Taiwanese culture studies and then important phenomenon would not be ignored or misunderstood

代表了什麼意义？对於上述疑惑，查既有研究成果，不消没有论述者，具体提即「京调排场」现象的可说没有，基於此，有必要对台南市及其周边之民俗性京调排场，不管是语汇来由或者其现象本身，做一番研究。本研究透过文献、访谈、口述史、参与观察等方法，以文化有机体之纵的发展概念为经，以民俗表演之横切面各主客要素为纬，试图先对此文化现象调查并推论出一概貌：台南市民俗性京调排场的形成，是在京调传入台南，台南本地北管子弟改习或兼习京调后，结合北管音乐文化所固有的排场表演型态及民俗演出传统，融合而成，形成时间至迟在日治晚期。而一些不同时期的外来京调人士(如原本生长於其他地区、后移住台湾的票友，和中国大陆琴师等等)，也曾透过与当地子弟的接触，而习得或知晓「排场」语汇以及本地京调排场习俗者。此项音乐民俗表演在过往多由业余子弟於神诞或民众婚俗做寿时，对其有义务或交陪的庙宇及子弟间做酬酢性的演出，不收报酬；聆赏者多是京调同好与邻近民众，也有少数路过者；演出模式包括节目安排、乐队编制皆有一定；表演意涵上以「扮仙」祈求神明赐福人间最为重要，因此排仙必不可少，且一定先於京调演唱。随著时间推移，京调排场表演活动的各要素都有变动，惟变迁速度不一，大体而言，业余表演者锐减，人们对酬神娱神节目的需求仍在，因此一些过往的业余表演者遂逐渐转型为职业表演者。此外，虽然表演意涵不变，但在职业表演人员少、又要适应市场的情况下，表演模式亦逐渐流於简化、僵化。目前京调排场整体生态仍在转变的过程中，而这种变化应与工商社会时间空间的被压缩、事事追求专业化与尼Q化等因素有关。再者，据此概貌，在结论部分厘清其意义、定位以及其对台湾文化研究之启示。台南市及其周边之民俗性京调排场现象，可视为京剧研究与民俗研究的一环，然而对於台湾文化研究，除了其题材本身标志了京剧的本土化与台湾民俗活动之新类型，进一步扩充整体台湾文化研究的内容外，更重要的是现象背后所反映的台湾文化的多元融合与妥协适应取向。台湾的海岛地理位置与长期被不同文化背景政权所殖民的历史，其文化自然容易随社会环境改变而弹性适应变迁，呈现多元纷呈、多重覆叠的特色，因此展望未来，从事台湾文化研究应秉除单一观点，保持一定程度之开放与客观胸襟，方不忽视或误识更多重要的文化现象。

Indifference; who left their homes and their families for jobs that offered little pay and less sleep; from the not-so-young people who braved the bitter cold and scorching heat(灼热,酷暑bloody hot) to knock on the doors of perfect strangers(友好,原意帮助的陌生人); from the millions of Americans who volunteered(自愿,voluntary), and organized(组织,reorganize,restructure,重组), and proved that more than two centuries later, a government of the people, by the people and for the people(来自伟大的Abraham lincoln, Gettysburg address ) has not perished(vanish, vaporate, disappear消失) from this Earth .

而竞选活动的声势越来越大则是源自那些年轻人，他们拒绝接受认为他们这代人冷漠的荒诞说法；他们离开家、离开亲人，从事报酬微薄、极其辛苦的工作；同时也源自那些已经不算年轻的人们，他们冒着严寒酷暑，敲开陌生人的家门进行竞选宣传；更源自数百万的美国民众，他们自动自发地组织起来，证明了在两百多年以后，民有、民治、民享的政府并未从地球上消失。

From the writers who went southwards to Nanyang from the late-1920s to the early-1930s, I select three Chinese revolutionary writers as examples in the present paper. From their main experiences, important activities before going southwards and their social activities, cultural activities during exiling in Nanyang and their relative cultural activities after returning to homeland, It is not difficult to discover that using the writers who went Southwards as intermediaries, the Chinese proletarian literature movement during the 1920s-1930s promote the Nanyang " Lately Arising Literature Movement" to grow up.

本论文选取20世纪20年代末至30年代初南下南洋的三位中国革命作家洪灵菲、许杰、马宁，对他们在南下前的主要经历和重要活动，流亡南洋期间所从事的社会活动和文化活动，以及回国后所继续从事的与南洋有关的文学活动加以爬梳，从中不难发现，中国20世纪20-30年代的无产阶级革命文学运动，透过南下作家这一中介促使了南洋&新兴文学运动&的崛起，继而对当地的文学艺术、社会思想等各方面产生程度不同的影响。

Reappraising history occurs in the process of history-creating and embodies human being's perceptual activities reflecting the subjective activity, which manifests the historical attitudes of the human being who is engaged in the history-creating based on the practice of our time, also is the subjective evaluativ...

历史重审是发生在历史活动过程之中体现着创造历史的主观能动作用的人的感性活动。它既体现着人们以当代实践为基点从事历史活动的历史态度，又是人们在理解历史活动的同时经受着历史活动本身检验的过程中获得的历史评判的主观尺度。

Hong Kong during the survey period, while "unemployed" diagnostic radiographers referred to those diagnostic radiographers who a

&从事经济活动&的放射诊断技师包括所有&就业&及&待业&放射诊断技师。&就业&放射诊断技师是指统计调查期间在本港从事放

Radiographers referred to those diagnostic radiographers practising in the diagnostic radiography profession in Hong Kong during the survey period

&从事经济活动&的放射诊断技师包括所有&就业&及&待业&放射诊断技师。&就业&放射诊断技师是指统计调查期间在本港从事放射诊断专业的

It describes Hanseatic League's formation and prosperity, including the definition of the League, organizational structure, etc., and presumes that the powerful League is the resorts of its merchants entering into England and engaging in commercial activities. On the other hand, in England, during 13 to 15 century, because of the burden of "the Hundred Years War", the force of state had weakening; the level of economy seems relative low, which give Hanseatic merchants a huge space to engaged in commercial activities in England.

叙述汉萨同盟的形成和繁荣情况，包括同盟的定义、组织结构、分布范围，认为汉萨同盟的强大是其商人能进入英国从事商业活动的力量凭靠；而13至15世纪的英国，由于&百年战争&，英国的国家力量出现弱化，而经济在横向对比中又显得相对落后，这就为汉萨商人提供了从事商业活动的巨大空间。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。