土耳其帝国的

The Mitanni were an eastern Indo-European people (belonging to the linguistic "satem" group) who settled in northern Mesopotamia circa 1600 BC South-East of Turkey and by circa 1450 BC established a medium-size empire east, north and west, and temporarily made tributary vassals out of kings in the west, even as far as Kafti and making them a major threat for the Pharaoh.

米坦尼人是一群东部印欧语系的人（属于语言学上的&S类语言&组别），大约在公元前1600年从土耳其东南部移居到美索不达米亚，大约在公元前1450年建立一个中等大小的帝国，让东面、北面和西面，甚至远至卡夫提的附庸诸候国暂时脱离了西面的国王，使他们成为了埃及法老的主要威胁。

Cartledge has been at the forefront of classicists' growing understanding of the cultural diversity of the poleis of the ancient Greek world, which numbered over 1000, and were dotted over a wide area from Marseille in the west to modern Turkey in the east. Though united, by religion and language, they had different customs, political systems and even calendars – and only a handful of them united against the Persian empire in the 480s BC.

在古典学界对古希腊城邦世界之文化多样性日益增进的理解潮流中，卡特利奇一直处于前沿，他不会不知道从马赛到现在的土耳其之间星罗棋布着1000多个城邦；这些城邦尽管由宗教和语言的纽带统一了起来，然而他们有不同的习俗和政治制度，甚至历法都不同——只是在波斯帝国在公元前480年入侵时，一些城邦才团结起来共同抗御外敌。

Taking advantage of this sentiment, the Makhdumzada khojas, who lived across the mountains in the Kokand khanate, mounted a series of invasions in a jihad against the Ch'ing empire, hoping to regain possession of Eastern Turkestan.

住在可汗领地内的山里的马克度木家族的华哲们以圣战的名义向清帝国发动了一系列的进攻，希望能够收复东土耳其斯坦。

Meanwhile Ottoman Turkish was attacking Byzantine Empire from all sides, lots of Byzantine scholars migrated to Italy in order to seek military help from Latin West for Byzantine Empire. Using their abundant attainments of classical culture, they participated in the movement of reviving ancient Greek culture in Italy, and had promoted the development of the Renaissance of Italy forcefully.

与此同时，拜占廷帝国面临奥斯曼土耳其的步步进逼，为了向西方寻求军事援助，大批拜占廷学者移居意大利，他们以其丰富的古典文化素养，积极参与意大利的古希腊文化复兴，有力地推动了意大利文艺复兴运动的发展。

A "primacy of honor" belongs to the patriarch of Constantinople, because the city was the seat of the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire, which between AD320 and 1453 was the center of Eastern Christendom.

&至高无上的荣誉&属于老人家的君士坦丁堡（现stanbul ，土耳其），因为城市是座位的东罗马，或拜占庭帝国，这之间的ad320和1453年是中心的东部基督教。

Far from the slurs of terrorism with which it too often associated, the Middle East is in fact steeped in a rich and diverse literary tradition – from the Holy Qur'an to Omar Khayyam, from Rumi to Kahlil Gibran. Moreover, its marvelous contemporary poetry offers a distinct reflection of cultural depth and personal reality for us to behold: Turkey, with its proud imperial legacy and historical burden; Israel and Palestine, confluence of civilizations and land of strife; Kurdistan, which has nearly the same population as Taiwan, divided and suppressed by its neighbors, since World War I the most humiliated and disenfranchised of peoples; and Iraq, situated in the cradle of civilization – the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers – caught up in the frontline of war at the beginning of the 21st century. In addition, we are visited by representatives from Iceland – a small country with a noble culture – and newly independent Slovakia. All of these nations stand as mirrors of ourselves.

不被「恐怖主义」污名化的中东，从古兰圣训到奥玛珈音，从鲁米到纪伯仑，实有丰富多元的文学传统，而他们优秀的当代诗歌创作，亦鲜明地反映了文化厚度与切身现实，足让我们以全新的眼光分享──拥有帝国遗产与历史包袱的土耳其；文明交锋、强权倾轧的以色列与巴勒斯坦的土地；人口与台湾相当的库德族，被四分五裂且遭各国镇压，成为一次大战以来最屈辱的无国之民；而伊拉克身处世界文明发祥的两河流域，却沦为二十一世纪首当其冲的战火前线……此外，还有小国寡民却独尊文化的冰岛，以及独立不久的斯洛伐克，处处可以给我们借鉴。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。