土耳其帝国的

Now that war was waged on one side by Great Britain, France, and Russia; and on the other side by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey.

既然战争一方面是由大英帝国、法国和俄国发动的；另一方面是德国、奥匈帝国和土耳其。

The defeat of the Ottoman empire after the first world war, and the creation of a secular state in Turkey (which had been at the heart of the Ottoman empire) brought the caliphate to an end.

打败奥斯曼帝国在第一次世界大战之后，并建立一个政教分离的国家，土耳其（已处于核心地位的奥斯曼帝国）所带来的哈里发上一个句号。

Being part of the empire brought its benefits: In this area alone, the Ottomans constructed 42 bridges, 18 caravansaries, 264 inns and hostels, and 10 covered markets.

被部分的帝国，其带来的好处：在这方面，仅是土耳其人。奥斯曼帝国兴建的42座桥梁，18 商队旅馆，264客栈和旅馆，以及10个有盖市场。

In its university system Greece hews closer to the worst aspects of the Ottoman past (such as bureaucracies that block innovation) than does Turkey, with its fine range of public and private campuses.

希腊的大学教育体系任然沿用过去奥斯曼帝国时期遗留下的最糟糕方面，如官僚作风不思进取，比现今的土耳其还要严重—即便当前土耳其国内已有大量优秀的公立和民办院校。

Th easy answer is to blame incompetent or impotent sultans.As the Turks used to say,"Balik basdan kokar"("the fish stinks from the head"). The Reforming Sultans and Vizirs There is,as usual in such popular accounts,a germ of truth in all this.Conditions were getting worse.No one denies the insanity of Sultan Ibrhim (r.1640-1648),who had his 280 concubines tied up in sacks and drowned in Bosporus.MustafaⅡ（r.1695-1703）was wrong to insist on leading his troops into battle.His catastrophic defeat at the hands of Prince Eugen of Savoy,the military genius of the age,cost the Ottomans an army,the province of Hungary,and their military prestige.Drinking problems and harem intrigues afflicted the later sultans far more than they had the first ten. In addition,there were menbers of the ruling class who milked the Ottoman system to enrich themselves while failing to perform their duties.

奥斯曼无力改变的关系，我们可以追踪中东和西方的一连串事件日期：1683年土耳其人未能karlowitz条约，割让匈牙利帝国；他们于1699年签署的一项条约karlowitz割让匈牙利的哈布斯堡王朝和爱琴海沿岸的venetians；他们在1718年签署的欧洲以外更多土地； 1774年俄罗斯获准与他们失去了克里米亚代表正统基督教的科目； 1798年拿破仑占领和侵略palestine.meanwhile埃及和其他穆斯林王朝，如帖木儿王朝印度，以及其继承人safavids伊朗、摩洛哥sharifian统治者，也可能转弱前安装十八世纪土耳其人europe.but最接近者的新权力，传统上作为战斗ghazis为伊斯兰教主张失去其最lands.my板如果欧洲人对重点何故被奥斯曼帝国。

Century, the South Slavs in Bosnia was the most powerful country.

简史：6世纪末7世纪初，部分斯拉夫人南迁到巴尔干半岛，在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那等地定居。12世纪末叶斯拉夫人建立了独立的波斯尼亚公国。14世纪末，波斯尼亚曾是南部斯拉夫人最强盛的国家。1463年后成为土耳其属地，1908年被奥匈帝国占领。1914年6月28日，奥匈帝国皇储弗兰兹·裴迪南大公在萨拉热窝遭当地青年暗杀，成为第一次世界大战爆发的导火线。

This Turkish, Islamic empire supplanted the Orthodox Byzantine Empire in the 15th Century and since then it has had a continuing, if not always whole-hearted, ambition to expand further westwards into the heart of Europe.

这土耳其，取代伊斯兰帝国东正教拜占庭帝国在15世纪，并自那时以来，它一直持续，如果并非总是全心全意，有雄心，进一步扩大向西到欧洲的心脏。

The Mongol invasion of the 13th century led to the destruction of the Abbasid caliphate in 1258 and opened the way for the eventual rise of a great Turkish Muslim empire known as the Ottoman Empire.

蒙古人入侵的13世纪造成的破坏在阿巴斯哈里发1258年，并开辟了道路，为最终上升一位伟大的土耳其穆斯林帝国被称为奥斯曼帝国。

The Mongol invasion of the 13th century led to the destruction of the Abbasid caliphate in 1258 and opened the way for the eventual rise of a great Turkish Muslim empire known as the Ottoman Empire.

蒙古入侵的13世纪，导致破坏该阿巴斯哈里发在1258年和开辟了道路，为最终崛起一个伟大的土耳其穆斯林帝国称为奥斯曼帝国。

The underlying reasons were long term, part of the so-called Eastern Question - the disintegration of the Turkish Empire, which stretched from the Alps to Egypt.

支持土耳其并最终对俄宣战；长期的利益驱使下，维护其远东以及地中海的利益，进一步服从当时全球战略角度上来看；如果土耳其这个昔日的帝国崩溃了，那就意味着从阿尔卑斯山脉到埃及这一线将会被俄国渗透！

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。