土耳其帝国的

Ottoman Empire:(1300～1922)Former empire centred in Anatolia .

鄂图曼帝国：(1300～1922)位小亚细亚的前土耳其帝国。

The crescent moon and star was not completely abandoned by the Christian world after the fall of Constantinople. To date the official flag of the Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem is a labarum of white, a church building with two towers, and on either side of the arms, at the top, are the outline in black of a crescent moon facing center and a star with rays.

原来伊斯兰教的象征来自君士坦丁堡的市旗，不知道是不是阿拉伯大军围困君士坦丁堡的时候看见城墙上猎猎飞舞的旗帜受到启发才用之为自己的象征，不过之后的土耳其帝国和今天的土耳其共和国都以之为国旗。

It was a side arm of the nobilities visiting the courts of the Ottoman empire in the 17 and 18 C.

这是贵族在17、18世纪拜访土耳其帝国宫廷的一件武器。

For similar reasons, the Ottomans deported their Armenian minority and killed more than a million in death marches.

因为相似的原因，土耳其帝国在其长征大规模驱逐亚美尼亚人并屠杀了一百万人。

This makes the Chinese culture to pay more attention to the accumulation of previous experience; and some Western countries have suffered foreign invasion, we have experienced Greece, ancient Rome, Alexander the Empire, the Ottoman Turkish Empire ruled four times, culture has therefore broken and more made in the course of cultural development to facilitate the acceptance of different cultures, absorbing, select what they need, and this is the need for a critical, rational thinking, and then to choose in order to fully re-establish their own culture.

这使得中国文化更重视前人经验的积累；而西方一些国家则遭受过异族入侵，经历过希腊、古罗马、亚历山大帝国、奥斯曼土耳其四大帝国的统治时期，文化也曾因此断裂，这更使得在文化发展过程中易于接受不同的文化，博采众长，选取自己所需的东西，而这是需要一番批判、理性地思考，然后才能进行充分地选择，重新建立自己的文化的。

Since the 14th century, Byzantine scholars migrated to the west in succession because of the pressure of the Ottoman Turkish army's powerful offensive. When the Byzantine Empire faced the crisis of surviving, in order to save the empire, more Byzantine scholars migrated to the West to seek help from Latin West which is of the same religion with them.

自14世纪开始，迫于奥斯曼土耳其军队的强大攻势，拜占廷学者陆续向西方迁徙，当拜占廷帝国面临生死存亡之时，为了向同宗的拉丁西方求援，挽救拜占廷帝国，更多的拜占廷学者移居西方。

And the Gauls, Slavs, Huns, Turks and Mongolians from Northern Europe and Asian increased their pressure on the empire's boundaries.

和高卢人，斯拉夫人，匈奴人，土耳其人和蒙古人来自北欧和亚洲增加了压力，这个帝国的边界。

The early Turkish empire consists of four provinces - towns at Iconium and Yerevan and castles at Caesarea and Mosul.

早期的土耳其帝国由四个省份组成——其中克尼乌姆和埃里温有城镇，卡萨里亚和摩苏尔有城堡。

After the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453, they recognized the ecumenical patriarch of that city as both the religious and the political spokesman for the entire Christian population of the Turkish empire.

之后，鄂图曼土耳其人征服君士坦丁堡在1453年，他们认识到普世宗主教认为，作为两个城市的宗教和政治发言人为整个基督教人口的土耳其帝国。

The declining Turkish Empire was further weakened at the turn of the 20th century. Balkan countries were ready to take advantage of the situation to drive the Turks out of Europe. Two Balkan Wars broke out.

二十世纪初叶，没落中的土耳其帝国进一步积弱，巴尔干国家准备趁此局势从中得益，把土耳其人赶出欧洲，两次巴尔干战争就此爆发。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。