土耳其

The University functions in a bilingual mode, relying on English as its primary language of instruction, but using Turkish whenever necessary, for example, for courses and readings on Turkish Literature or Ottoman History.

双语模式，大学的职能，依靠英语作为主要教学语言，但土耳其在必要时使用，例如，课程和奥斯曼土耳其文学，历史读物。

Th easy answer is to blame incompetent or impotent sultans.As the Turks used to say,"Balik basdan kokar"("the fish stinks from the head"). The Reforming Sultans and Vizirs There is,as usual in such popular accounts,a germ of truth in all this.Conditions were getting worse.No one denies the insanity of Sultan Ibrhim (r.1640-1648),who had his 280 concubines tied up in sacks and drowned in Bosporus.MustafaⅡ（r.1695-1703）was wrong to insist on leading his troops into battle.His catastrophic defeat at the hands of Prince Eugen of Savoy,the military genius of the age,cost the Ottomans an army,the province of Hungary,and their military prestige.Drinking problems and harem intrigues afflicted the later sultans far more than they had the first ten. In addition,there were menbers of the ruling class who milked the Ottoman system to enrich themselves while failing to perform their duties.

奥斯曼无力改变的关系，我们可以追踪中东和西方的一连串事件日期：1683年土耳其人未能karlowitz条约，割让匈牙利帝国；他们于1699年签署的一项条约karlowitz割让匈牙利的哈布斯堡王朝和爱琴海沿岸的venetians；他们在1718年签署的欧洲以外更多土地； 1774年俄罗斯获准与他们失去了克里米亚代表正统基督教的科目； 1798年拿破仑占领和侵略palestine.meanwhile埃及和其他穆斯林王朝，如帖木儿王朝印度，以及其继承人safavids伊朗、摩洛哥sharifian统治者，也可能转弱前安装十八世纪土耳其人europe.but最接近者的新权力，传统上作为战斗ghazis为伊斯兰教主张失去其最lands.my板如果欧洲人对重点何故被奥斯曼帝国。

Turks deny accusations of anti-Semitism, noting that the Ottoman Sultans opened their doors over 500 years ago to Jews fleeing from Christian persecution in Spain. In 1948, Turkey was among the first countries to recognise Israel.

土耳其否认反犹太主义的指控，提到奥斯曼苏丹500多年之前就已向由于西班牙基督教迫害而逃出来的犹太人敞开了大门。1948年，土耳其是最早承认以色列的国家之一。

Staffed by locals and Turks alike, the schools are patronised by the offspring of elites lured by Western standards of education (if not mandatory Turkish-language classes).

学校的教员来自本地和土耳其，而资金则来自于受过西式标准教育的后代精英们（如果不是义务制土耳其语教学）。

Notchback sedans are highly sought after in these strong, thriving markets. 67 percent of Turkish customers who purchase a compact class car, for example, choose a notchback model. In Russia, this figure is 65 percent and in Poland and South-East Europe the total is around 15 percent. With a share of approximately five percent, this body variant plays a less significant role in the compact class in Western Europe.

根据负责Opel品牌在欧洲地区行销事务的高级主管Alain Visser表示，之所以会选择伊斯坦堡车展，作为Astra车系在三门、五门掀背车款，以及实用的旅行车和拉风的硬顶敞篷版本之外，第五种家族成员的亮相场合，是因为这项车展乃是土耳其当地规模最大的车展活动，而土耳其也正是四门三箱车型最主要的销售市场之一，因此他们便做出了这项决定。

"Swords with curved blades were used in India and Persia and were introduced into Europe by the Turks, whose scimitar, with its curved, single-edged blade, was modified in the West to the cavalry sabre."

印度和波斯使用一种有弯曲刀刃的军刀，并由土耳其人带到欧洲；土耳其人的半月形刀，弯刃，一边开刃，在西方被改进为骑兵的马刀。

"Swords with curved blade s were used in India and Persia and were introduced into Europe by the Turks, whose scimitar, with its curved, single-edged blade , was modified in the West to the cavalry sabre."

印度和波斯使用一种有弯曲刀刃的军刀，并由土耳其人带到欧洲；土耳其人的半月形刀，弯刃，一边开刃，在西方被改进为骑兵的马刀。

They fear that Turkey's real aim is to prevent the Kurdish areas of Iraq from gaining full independence, which would stoke up an appetite for secession among Turkey's own Kurdish population.

他们害怕土耳其的真实目的--避免伊拉克的库尔德地区完全独立，这可能鼓动起土耳其的库尔德人退出联邦的情绪。

Turkey says it will not yield until the EU honours its promise to end travel and trade restrictions on Turkish Cypriots.

土耳其说它不会妥协，除非欧盟承诺解除对土耳其塞浦路斯人的旅游和贸易限制。

Air links have been restored, however, and recently Turkish diplomats have hinted at a more dramatic move: formalising ties, over the objections of a vocal Azeri lobby in Turkey, not to mention those of its hawkish generals.

然而，两国的通航已经恢复，并且土耳其的外交官也暗示将会出现一个更激奋人心的举措，那就是两国关系的正式化，而这却超出了阿塞拜疆游说团在土耳其的活动目标，更超出了强硬派将军们的目的。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。