土壤

The results indicated that the soil physical fertility characteristic of super high-production cornfield was high, mainly display in the topsoil was deep, soil bulk density changed between 1.01-1.26 g/cm3, disarrangement rate of soil structure was...

研究结果表明，超高产玉米田土壤物理肥力特性较高，主要表现在耕层较深厚，土壤容重变化在1.01～1.26g/cm3，土壤的结构破坏率较低；在土壤的化学环境特征方面，土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等均未表现出明显的变化规律；所有超高产田的土壤阳离子交换量均不同程度地高于普通生产田，这与超高产田的定向培育有直接关系；一些超高产田有机质低于普通生产田，其原因与超高产田氮素施用量较高、促进了土壤有机质矿化有关。

The paper fristly compared the fertile soil with the incinerated sterile soil on the number of micro-algae , soil pH value , soil organic matter soil available phosphorus and soil nitrogen.And then, the author put fertile soil, which included micro-algae, proportionally into sterile samples and cultivated them respectively under illumination condition (micro-algae can live and reproduce)and dark condition(micro-algae will die in some time).The above indices were measured in 0, 30, 60 and 90days respectively, The analyse of the interrelation between the change of micro-algae"s number and the changes of soil pH value, soil organic matter, soil available phosphorus and soil nitrogen indicated:Soil micro-algae which were native to fertile soil conld adapt to the changed circumstance and light acted as a decisive role to the distribution of soil micro-algae.Under dark condition,the micro-algae"s number declined gradually and went to zero in the end,while under illumination condition ,on the 90th day, the micro-algaes number of per gramme was 6-7 times more than that of the beginning.

本文首先对肥沃土壤与经高温焚烧后的贫瘠土壤中的微藻数量、土壤pH值、有机质含量、有效磷含量和全氮量进行比较研究，然后将包含微藻的绿化苗圃地肥土按不同比例接种进入贫瘠土样中，分别在光照条件和黑暗条件下进行培养，在0天、30天、60天和90天分别检测以上指标，比较有光条件和无光条件下，即有藻条件和无藻条件下贫瘠土样所发生的变化，并分别对微藻数量的变化与土壤pH值、有机质含量、有效磷含量和全氮量的变化之间做相关性分析，以评估肥沃土壤中的微藻接种进入贫瘠土壤后的生长情况以及对贫瘠土壤的改良作用。

This paper reviewed the research on dynamic and balance of soil nutrient pool under long-term fertilization conditions,mainly about some active aspects which included dynamic variations of total nitrogen,available N,total phosphorus,available P,total potassium,available K,and organic carbon in soil; dynamic variations of ammonium N,amino acid N,amino sugar N,unknown N,non hydrolyzable N and microbiomass N in soil nutrient pool; changes of Ca2-P,Ca8-P,Al-P,Fe-P,O-P,labile organic P,moderately labile organic P,moderately stable P,highly stable P and microbiomass P in soil; changes of loosely,stably and tightly combined humus,humic and fulvic acids in soil carbon pool; effects of long-term fertilization on organic-mineral complex status in soil; nutrients cycling and balance of agricultural soil nutrients pool.

扼要地概述了国内外近年来关于长期施肥条件下土壤养分库的动态与平衡方面的研究成果。主要介绍并讨论了土壤氮、磷、钾养分全量及有效量的动态变化，土壤有机碳含量的动态变化；铵态氮、氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮、酸解未知态氮、非水解残渣氮及微生物体氮在土壤氮库中的动态变化；Ca2 P、Ca8 P、Al P、Fe P、闭蓄态磷，活性有机磷、中度活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷、高稳性有机磷及微生物体磷在土壤磷库中的动态变化；土壤碳库中松结态腐殖质、稳结态腐殖质、紧结态腐殖质以及富里酸和胡敏酸的动态变化；长期施肥对土壤有机无机复合状况的影响；农田土壤养分库的养分循环与养分平衡。

During thawing period, its soil water changes as season changes (the dynamic rule of soil water has the important relation of the season): from June to July the quality-moisture content of soil water gradually increases and reaches the highest, and from July to August it begins to decreases. The range of the quality-moisture content of the ground litter and humus layer is lower than the illuvial horizon whose quality-moisture content is gradually increasing in this thawing season.

在土壤冻土融化期，草类落叶松林土壤水分存在明显的季节性变化，土壤枯枝落叶层、腐殖质层质量含水量比淀积层质量含水量变化幅度大；6～7月份土壤含水量逐渐增加，达到最高；8月份以后土壤含水量开始降低；土壤淀积层质量含水量保持逐渐上升趋势；坡顶土壤质量含水量明显小于坡底土壤质量含水量。

Being a protective tillage, the no-tillage means getting rid of not only the tillage before sowing, but also the intertill after sowing, and leaving the plant residue after harvesting.

中文题名稻田自然免耕体系土壤微生物及有机质周转研究副题名外文题名 Study on the microbial characteristics and the turnover of organic matter in paddy soil under a long-term no-tillage and ridge culture 论文作者张磊导师谢德体教授魏朝富研究员学科专业土壤学研究领域\研究方向土壤生物和生态学位级别博士学位授予单位西南农业大学学位授予日期2002 论文页码总数92页关键词稻田土壤生态学土壤有机质土壤微生物免耕馆藏号BSLW /2003 /S154 /1 免耕制是一种保护性耕作制，指同一块土壤在一定年限内，不仅免除播前耕作，也免除播后中耕，作物收获后直接将作物残茬留在土壤中的耕作方式。

The increased amount of non--exchangeable NH4^＋-N during the incubation indicated as the following tendency, namely, Eum-Orthic Anthrosols 〉 Los - Orthic Entisols 〉 Hap-Ustic Isohumisols 〉 Ust-Sandiic Entisols. Organic material influenced significantly the increased amount of non-exchangeable NH4^＋-N （P was 0.0002, 0.0004 and 0.0003 when incubated at 20 d, 50 d and 60 d, respectively）. NH4^＋-N increased remarkably when Stlpa bungeana and Medicago sativa were added compared with no addition. The contents of non-exchangeable NH4^＋-N increased significantly when added （NH4）2SO4 compared without addition at 20 d, 40 d and 60d of incubation and P was 0.0037, 0.0033 and 0.0027, respectively. It was the result that the NH4^＋-N from （NH4）2 SO4 was fixed within the soil. The increased amount of non-exchangeable NH4^＋-N increased significantly for different soils, on which different vegetation types grew before the collection of soil samples, when incubated at 20 d （P=0.0434）, but not significantly at 40 d and 60d （P=0.7378 and 0.5375）. The increased amount of non-exchangeable NH4^＋-N in the soil, on which crop straw and nitrogen fertilizer had been incorporated for a long-term period, was larger than that of no addition, but it was not significantly different among these two fertilization models. Soil clay, total N and organic matter were positively correlated remarkably with the contents of non-exchangeable NH4^＋-N, the increased amount of non-exchangeable NH4^＋-N had no correlation with soil clay, whereas it had significantly positive correlation with total N and organic matter.

培养期间非交换性NH4^＋-N的增加量均表现为以土垫旱耕人为土最大，其次是黄土正常新成土，简育干润均腐土和干湿砂质新成土较小；添加有机物料极显著影响培养期间的非交换性NH4^＋-N增加量（培养20d、40d和60d时P分别为0.0002，0.004和0.0003），表现为紫花苜蓿和长芒草土壤非交换性NH4^＋-N的增加量均极显著高于不添加有机物料的对照土壤；在培养20d、40d和60d时，加（NH4）2SO4土样非交换性NH4^＋-N的增加量显著大于不加（NH4）2SO4土样（户分别为0.0037，0.0033和0.0027），这是土壤对（NH4）2SO4中NH4^＋-N固定的必然结果；不同植被类型土壤培养20d时的非交换性NH4^＋-N增加量差异显著（P=0.0434），培养40d和60d时差异不显著（p分别为0.7378和0.5375）；长期秸秆和氮肥配施土壤非交换性NH4^＋-N增加量大于不施肥对照土壤，但差异不显著土壤黏粒、全氮和有机质与培养0d、20d、40d和60d时土壤的非交换性NH4^＋-N含量均呈极显著正相关；而非交换性NH4^＋-N的增加量与粘粒无相关性，但与全氛和有机质呈显著正相关。

Applying desulphurization by-product properly can reduce soil bulk density, improve soil structure, increase soil permeability and improve the physical properties of soil moisture, reduce pH, ESP, TDS and improve the sodic soil physical and chemical properties.

脱硫副产物能降低土壤容重，改善土壤结构，增加土壤通透性，改善土壤水分物理性状，中和土壤碱性，降低土壤pH值和碱化度，降低土壤的全盐量，从而达到改良碱化土壤的作用。

Author was menstruated content of boron and researched the status of lack of Boron and researched relativity of its Influencing facto, the results showed that the average content of available boron in the yellow soil was 0.39±0.27 mg/kg, 80 percent of its was under 0.5mg/kg which was lack for boron and 17.44 percent of its was under 0.2mg/kg which was especially lack for boron; The distribute frequencies of available boron contents of yellow soils in Chongqing was dispersedly, its range of 0.07mg/kg to 1.99mg/kg. The diversity of different zoology area was distinct. The result of pertinence analyses showed that available boron contents had correlativity with the pH(r=0.181** n=281) and CEC（r=0.124** n=281 and It had correlativity with Organic matte When the content of organic matte is high; in addition, soil granule、clime was the Influencing factor of availability of boron in Yellow Soils in Chongqing.

笔者通过调查取样对重庆市黄壤硼的含量进行测定并分析了缺硼的程度，对其影响因素进行了相关性分析，研究结果表明：重庆市黄壤有效硼的平均含量为0.39±0.27mg/kg，其中近80%的土壤样品有效硼含量低于0.5mg/kg，属于低硼或缺硼土壤，还有17.44%的土壤样品有效硼含量低于0.2mg/kg，属于极度缺硼的土壤；而有效硼含量的分布频率比较分散，变幅较大，从0.07mg/kg~1.99mg/kg，变异系数达到69.41%，不同生态类型区土壤有效硼含量的差异十分明显；而相关性分析结果表明：土壤有效硼与土壤pH值(r=0.181** n=281)和CEC（r=0.124** n=281呈正相关，在有机质含量较高的条件下与其相关性也较为显著（r=0.347** n=90，而土壤质地以及气候也对重庆市黄壤硼的有效性有很大的影响

The correlations of the concentrations of Al in tea leaves with sorbed inorganic Al, Al oxide dissolved by hydrochloric acid and Al chelated by humic acid were all not significant, this indicated that the three forms of Al in soil were too stable to be assimlated by tea leaves.

通过成叶和嫩叶铝含量随土壤pH值的变化关系和土壤溶液中铝的存在形态与土壤pH值的关系之比较，初步推测茶叶吸收土壤的铝以Al〓离子为主；由于土壤pH值是影响茶叶吸收铝的主要土壤化学因素，因此，提高茶园土壤pH值，降低土壤酸度是降低茶叶铝含量的有效手段。

By field and indoor test, the paper measures soil physical property, soilmoisture constant and soil water movement parameter, provides the soil specificgravity , the soil apparent density, the soil fraction, the soil field moisturecapacity, the soil saturated moisture capacity, the soil percent moisture content ofcom germination and seedlings emergence, the corn wilting point, and alsoestablishes the equation of soil water retention curves, the equation of soil waterdispersion coefficient and the relationship between pressure and soil apparentdensity, and so those provides the parameter for numerical simulation.

通过田间和室内试验，测定了供试土壤的物理性质、土壤水分常数和土壤水分运动参数，得到了该土样的比重、容重、机械组成、田间持水率、饱和含水率、玉米种子发芽出苗土壤含水率、玉米凋萎系数，给出了土壤水分特征曲线方程、土壤水分扩散系数方程及土壤容重与土壤压紧力的关系，提供了数值模拟过程中所需的参数。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失