土壤

The distributed pattern shows different between the probability distribution of water depth of rain gauge and that of soil moisture in horizontal section of different depth.

在毛乌素沙地，喷灌前后土壤含水率等值线垂直分布均具有显著的垂直分层特征；在喷灌结束24h后，喷灌前土壤含水率的垂直分布与喷灌后土壤含水率的垂直分布间地相关性较弱；灌水前土壤初始含水率的概率分布形态均表现为较典型的左偏态分布，灌后土壤含水率分布形态表现为左偏态、右偏形态或正态分布；雨量筒水深概率分布与土壤不同深度剖面层水平方向的含水率概率分布在形态特征上表现出一定程度的差异，雨量筒水深分布与水平层土壤含水率分布、灌后相邻深度层土壤含水率分布、之间的相关程度较高，其相关性随着剖面深度和层间距的增加而降低。

In the Mu Us desert, either vertical distributions of soil moisture isogram before irrigation or vertical distributions of soil moisture isogram after irrigation shows obviously vertical-layered character. When the irrigation is finished 24 hours later, there is little correlation between vertical distributions of soil moisture isogram before irrigation and vertical distributions of soil moisture isogram after irrigation. All of probability distribution of soil water content before irrigation are left-skewed distribution, but some of probability distribution of soil water content after irrigation is left-skewed distribution, some is right-skewed distribution or normal distribution. The distributed pattern shows different between the probability distribution of water depth of rain gauge and that of soil moisture in horizontal section of different depth. There is close correlation between the distribution of water depth of rain gauge and that of soil moisture in horizontal section, but the correlation debases as the horizontal section turns deeper. Also after irrigation close correlation occurs between the distribution of soil moisture of layers bordering upon each other, but which reduces with space of different layers being larger.

在毛乌素沙地，喷灌前后土壤含水率等值线垂直分布均具有显著的垂直分层特征；在喷灌结束24h后，喷灌前土壤含水率的垂直分布与喷灌后土壤含水率的垂直分布间地相关性较弱；灌水前土壤初始含水率的概率分布形态均表现为较典型的左偏态分布，灌后土壤含水率分布形态表现为左偏态、右偏形态或正态分布；雨量筒水深概率分布与土壤不同深度剖面层水平方向的含水率概率分布在形态特征上表现出一定程度的差异，雨量筒水深分布与水平层土壤含水率分布、灌后相邻深度层土壤含水率分布、之间的相关程度较高，其相关性随着剖面深度和层间距的增加而降低。

The results showed that in the four rehabilitated forests, the previous month's soil moisture content had stronger effects on the current month's soil moisture content in 0-40 cm and 20-40 cm layers, but had lesser effects on that in 0-10 cm layer. The soil moisture content in 20-40 cm layer was mainly affected by current month's precipitation, while that in 0-10 cm layer was mainly affected by current month's evaporation. The correlation coefficient between current month's precipitation and soil moisture content was the largest in pure Liquidambar formosana plantation, and the auto-interrelation coefficient of soil moisture content was larger in mixed forests than in pure L. formosana plantation.

结果表明：研究区各重建森林前一个月的土壤含水量对当月整个土壤剖面(0~40 cm)平均土壤含水量和当月20~40 cm土层土壤含水量具有较强影响，对当月0~10 cm土层土壤含水量的影响较小；研究区各重建森林20~40 cm土层土壤含水量主要受当月降水量的影响，0~10 cm土层土壤含水量主要受当月蒸发量的影响；在4种森林重建模式中，枫香纯林当月降水量与当月土壤含水量的相关系数最大，混交林模式土壤含水量的自相关系数大于纯林模式。

Determined by the specific geological background of Longhetun, the characteristics of the soil resources show abundant calcium and leaning to alkaline. Monomial indexes to evaluate the revisal coefficient of soil adapted to karst mountains areas were screened out combined with the function of karst dynamics system and analysis of characters of each factor about fertility in soil. Predigestion model to soil revisal coefficient monomial assessment was established by successful importation of the content of nutrition elements in plant body, latent efficient elements in soil and available thickness of soil in the cranny of epikarst according to the characters that three carriers of soil, soil water and karst water supply nutrition to plants and two layers of foundation consist of surface soil and soil in epikarst cranny, and several types of soil revisal coefficient and weather-soil productive potentiality were calculated, the results show that the soil revisal coefficient was even more practical after modification than before, which make up of innovation of this study.

龙何屯特殊的地质背景条件决定了耕地土壤资源的富钙偏碱的特点，结合岩溶动力系统的作用，系统分析土壤中各肥力因子的特点，筛选出适宜岩溶石山区特点的土壤订正系数评价单项指标，针对研究区存在土壤、土壤水、岩溶水三种载体提供植物营养和表层土、土下表层岩溶带裂隙土两层空间基质的特点，成功引入植物体内营养元素含量、土壤元素隐性有效态含量及土下表层岩溶带裂隙土有效厚度等新参数指标，探讨建立了土壤订正系数单项指标评价简化模型，计算出龙何屯各耕地类型土壤订正系数和气候-土地生产潜力，结果显示修正后的土壤订正系数比修正前更符合实际，成为本研究的创新点。

Therefore it's necessary to contol the concentration of TW80 to use it in the remediation of pyrene contaminated soil by AMF and corn integrated systerm.4. The AMF community and the single species derived from rock oil-contaminated soil all can be combined with corn and promote the remidation of pyrene contaminated soil , the original AMF community has obvious advantages and behave best.The residual pyrene concentration of soil in the treatments with the mixed AMF community M4 (Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum and Acaulospora tuberculata) and corn integrated systerm got 0.12mg/kg,0.54mg/kg and 3.92mg/kg respectively in 1mg/kg, 10mg/kg and 50 mg/kg pyrene treatments,decreased 32.6%,58.6% and 42.2% respectively than that of the treatment of M1,decreased 28.1%,59.9% and 36.6% than that of M2(G.intradices), decreased 2.7%,55% and 23.5% than that of M3 (G.intradices + G.mossea).5.Large scale reproduce overall of AMF community which coming from rud oil-contaminated soil in the absence of the original conditions will change the quantiy,composition and structure of the AMF population and may has negative impact on it's function in the remedition of soil pyrene contamination.

因此，在植物与AMF联合修复土壤芘污染中使用TW80应该注意控制TW80的浓度。4、从石油污染土壤中扩繁出的AMF混合菌群及其中的单一菌种与玉米联合均能促进土壤芘污染的修复，原始混合菌群具有明显的种群优势，其与玉米联合修复土壤芘污染的效果最佳。1mg/kg、10mg/kg和50mg/kg芘处理土壤中，玉米接种混合菌种M4(Glomus intraradices， Glomus mosseae， Glomus etunicatum和Arcaulospora tuberculata)处理土壤的芘残留浓度分别为0.12mg/kg，0.54mg/kg和3.92mg/kg，分别比接种单一菌种M1处理降低了32.6%，58.6%和42.2%，比接种单一菌种M2(G.intradices)处理降低了28.1%，59.9%和36.6%，比接种复合菌种M3(G.intradices+G.mossea)处理降低了2.7%，55%和23.5%。5、从石油污染土壤中扩繁出的混合AMF菌群在无原始条件下的整体扩繁会改变菌群的组成及其结构，并会对菌群与玉米联合修复土壤芘污染的功能产生不利影响。

In this paper, as a case of Karamay, we have studied on space-time changement of soil quality in oasis of arid area. We measured quality for different land use types and years in same type by combinativing field sampling for Karamay in Xinjiang and analysis in laboratory, which is directed by former theory of soil quality. Then we did integrated evaluation of soil quality for different land use types, and had drew some conclusions as followed: In four land use types, the soil bulk density of layers(0～15cm) for farmland and tree land is bigger than the other land use types.The organic matter of every layer in manpower Tamarix Bulrush land is bigger; organic matter of Tamarix Bulrush land release efficiency nitrogen which result ration of C/N is higher; total nitrogen of all layers in farmland variety great as being effected by mass use of nitrogen in agriculture; deadwood and defoliation of tree、shrub and bulrush pooled in 5cm layer to result that quick nitrogen is the biggest among all layers. The total salt of nature shrub tree land for every layer being bigger than farmland explain that nature shrub thee land strongly stand salt and farmland for basification in this area; that the nutrient of face layer is bigger than the ground layer may be explained by that vegetation gather nutrient to be stored in deadwood and defoliation.

本文对以克拉玛依为例，对干旱区绿洲土壤质量的时间空间变化进行研究，在有关土壤质量的研究理论指导下，通过田间调查取样和室内分析相结合的方法，对新疆克拉玛依市农业开发区的不同土地利用方式及同一土地利用方式下不同利用年限土样土壤理化性质进行测定，从而对新垦绿洲不同土地利用类型土壤质量进行综合评价，结果如下：四种土地利用方式中，农地、乔木林地表层(0-15cm)土壤容重较大；各土层人工柽柳芦苇地的土壤有机质含量均较大；柽柳芦苇地的有机质在矿化过程中所释放出有效氮，导致柽柳芦苇地的C/N比例较高；受到农业耕作使用大量氮肥的影响，农地各土层全氮含量变异较明显；乔木、灌木及芦苇的枯枝落叶主要集中在5cm范围之内，导致几种土地利用方式类型下该层土壤速效氮最大；天然灌木林地的土壤总盐在各层均较大，其次是农地，说明天然灌木林地的高耐盐能力，以及该区农业生产用地的土壤盐碱化程度较重。

Based on soil radon gas survey in Quanzhou City and Jinjiang City, the authors conducted an investigation of the soil radon gas environment in an area of some 465 km2. The results indicate that radon gas concentrations in soils of Quanzhou and Jinjiang urban areas are at a lower level, whereas those in soils of Quanzhou and Jinjiang suburbs are at a fairly high level. It seems that the radon gas concentration is mainly related to geological background: radon gas concentrations in soils derived from weathering of adamellite, moyite, and biotite schist are higher than those in soils derived from weathering of other rock types.

通过泉州市、晋江市土壤中氡气测量，取得约465 km2土壤氡气环境调查成果，从结果来看，泉州市区和晋江市区土壤中氡气浓度普遍较低；市郊主要为山地，土壤中氡气浓度普遍较高；从土壤中氡气浓度水平的分布来看，土壤中氡气浓度水平主要与地质背景有关，二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩、钾长浅粒岩及黑云片岩风化土壤中氡气浓度明显高于其他地质背景来源土壤。

The results show that 42.86% topsoil samples are polluted by Cadmium, soil synthesis pollution index is moderate, Cadmium pollution degree of topsoil correlate with the environment of sampling sites. The results also show that exchangeable Cd, carbonate-bound Cd, organic-bound Cd and residual Cd are found in all soil samples except for Fe-Mn oxide-bound Cd. Furthermore, the concentration of exchangeable Cd and carbonate-bound Cd, both which have high biological validity, is high. Humus has a certain correlation with exchangeable Cd, organic-bound Cd and residual Cd, and has no obvious correlation with other chemical speciations. Any chemical speciation of Cd has no obvious correlation with pH and total Fe of soil samples. Cadmium in topsoil can be eluviated by acid solution, the quantity of Cadmium eluviated by redistilled water is little. With the rise of pH of eluviating solution, eluviated Cadmium quantity decrease. For the same soil sample, the lower pH value of eluviating solution is, the more fast the Cadmium is eluviated, and the more thequantity of Cadmium is eluviated.

研究结果表明：成都市表生土壤样中有42.86%受镉污染，镉综合污染水平达中度污染，成都市表生土壤镉污染程度与采样点周围环境表现出一定的相关性；除铁锰氧化物结合态镉在部分土壤样中未检出外，所有土壤样均含有可交换态镉、碳酸盐结合态镉、有机结合态镉、残留态镉，且生物有效性较高的可交换态镉和碳酸盐结合态镉占总镉量比例较高；成都市表生土壤中的腐殖质与可交换态镉、有机结合态镉、残留态镉有一定相关性，与碳酸盐结合态镉、铁锰氧化物结合态镉相关性不显著；各形态镉与土壤pH值和全铁的相关性均不显著；土壤中的镉可被酸溶液淋出，重蒸馏水淋出镉量十分微小；随着淋滤液pH值的升高，土壤样的镉淋出量下降，且0～5小时时段的镉淋出量占镉总淋出量比例下降，5～30小时时段的镉淋出量占镉总淋出量的比例上升，对同一土壤样而言，酸度大的淋滤液比酸度小的淋滤液淋出镉速度更快，淋出镉量更大。

The difference of bulk density of coastal soils took an effect on infiltration rate and diffuse rate. The infiltration rate and diffuse rate of coastal soils which bulk density was small were big. The water transmitting experiment of coastal soils showed that the saturated conductivity of different layers in soil profile were great, and the saturated conductivity of undisturbed soil was highly higher than that of disturbed soil. The saturated conductivity of coastal soils embanked earlier was lower than that of coastal soils embanked later. Under different water content, the unsaturated conductivity of coastal soils had a great change and the bulk density had an effect on unsaturated conductivity. The soil with a low bulk density had a high unsaturated conductivity. Chlorine ion moved in coastal soil was an inert ion. The distribution of CU in soil was definite and repeated, which is no relation with the time and velocity of infiltration. The concentration of infiltration solution and the texture of coastal soils had no apparent effect on solute movement synthetic dispersion coefficient, while bulk density took an apparent effect on solute movement synthetic dispersion coefficient. Synthetic dispersion coefficient of coastal soils increased as bulk density decreased.

浙江大学硕士毕业论文浙北海涂土壤水分特性及溶质运移模拟研究 4、海涂土壤的导水能力强，且土壤剖面备土层的饱和导水率变化大，原状土的饱和导水率远大于扰动土的饱和导水率，围垦时间较早的海涂土壤的饱和导水率较围垦时间晚的海涂土壤的饱和导水率要小；不同含水量下的非饱和导水率变化范围很大，最大值与最小值差距可达 10'③ 5、容重的不同对入渗率、扩散率、非饱和导水率都有影响，容重小，入渗率、扩散率、非饱和导水率也花 6、在海涂土壤中运移的氯离子是一&惰性离子&，氯离子在土壤运移过程中的分布有一定的确定性和重现性，与入渗时间和入渗速度无关，溶质运移过程中，入渗溶液的浓度和海涂土壤的质地对溶质运移综合扩散系数DSh无明显影响，而土壤容重对溶质运移综合扩散系数DSh有影响，容重小，DSh大。

Bt toxin from Bt crops is introduced into soil primarily in root exudates and by incorporation of crop residues after harvest of the crop, with probably some input from pollen during tasseling, which probably have an effect on soil specific organisms, biodiversity and the functions of soil ecosystem.

而加有转Bt基因玉米农大61秸秆的土壤和加有常规玉米农大3138秸秆的土壤相比，土壤脱氢酶活性和土壤呼吸作用强度在秸秆分解期间都没有显著差异；秸秆分解了30d、45d、60d 时，显著提高了土壤蔗糖酶活性；分解了45d和90d时，显著提高了土壤酸性磷酸酶活性；30d时显著增加了土壤脲酶活性，而在45d时则显著降低了土壤脲酶活性；分解45d、60d、90d时显著降低了土壤蛋白酶活性。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失