土地管理

Below the new condition that grows ceaselessly in land market demand, how it is management, good to use this share capital, the cost accounting that enhances land income and asset endowment source control appear particularly important.

在土地市场需求量不断增长的新形势下，如何管理、使用好这部分资金，加强土地收入的成本核算和资产资源管理就显得尤为重要。

HU working as professional lawyers, started from 1980, he worked as worker, technologist, Budgeter and actual budgeter, economist, assistant manager in the construction company, designing and building company, and real estate development company, which helped him to build good relationship and experiences in the areas of construction engineering building and management, real estate development and management, Land using right transferring and the removal.

在成为执业律师前，自1980年始，即先后在建筑公司、设计营造公司、房地产开发经营公司担任工人、技术员、预决算员、经济师、总经理助理等职务，从而在建设工程施工及其管理、房地产开发及其管理、土地使用权转让以及土地变性过程中的动拆迁等领域积累了极为丰富的工作经验和人脉关系，工作支撑面甚宽广。

Cadastre archives of China has played an important role in the nation's overall economic construction,management of national land resources and one s land rights protection,and it has been taken more and more seriously.

中文摘要：我国地籍管理档案从古到今为国家的经济建设、土地资源管理和土地维权方面发挥了重要的作用，受到人们越来越多的重视。

As plowland resources become short, it is necessary to enhance the guarantee of land consolidation, to establish a professional organization to manage land consolidation, to optimize the investment mechanism and management.

在耕地资源日趋紧缺的新形势下，要充分发挥土地整理的资源保障作用，有必要加强土地整理专门机构和队伍建设，完善土地整理投入机制，健全土地整理管理机制。

The function of enclosure was to enable the dispersed fields of a landowner in a single parish to be concentrated without increasing and decreasing in the proportion before and after enclosure; Enclosure was the precondition of the estate structure in the late 19th century, while the main motivation and approach of that was social mentality and estate market; In the estate structure of late 19th century, agent was the main actor to manage the large and middle estates; Landowner, tenant farmer and agricultural labour affected and restricted each other, which was full of tender feelings.

圈地运动的作用只是使土地所有者在单个教区内分散的土地几乎数量不变地集中到一起；小土地所有者不仅没有消失，而且在1780-1832年间圈地进行最为剧烈的时期出现了数量增加的状况；圈地运动为大地产的形成创造了前提，十八、十九世纪土地流动的主要动因和途径则是大众的心态和市场的激励；在19世纪晚期地产结构中，大、中地产的管理主要是通过代理人体系进行有效的运营；地主、农场主、农业工人三者之间相互影响、相互制约，充斥着温情。

IV. Summarizing primary policies and laws affecting land use of URIA after 1978, meantime based on the research mentioned above, this paper puts forward several suggestions and measures for scientific land managing from aspects of macro thoughts, planning, market, theory and management.

四、总结概括改革开放以来对我国城乡结合部土地利用影响较大的政策法规；同时结合本文的研究成果，从总体思路、规划、市场、理论和管理五个角度对城乡结合部的土地研究与管理工作提出建议与措施。

Men, at first, for the most part, contented themselves with what unassisted nature offered to their necessities: and though afterwards, in some parts of the world,(where the increase of people and stock, with the use of money, had made land scarce, and so of some value) the several communities settled the bounds of their distinct territories, and by laws within themselves regulated the properties of the private men of their society, and so, by compact and agreement, settled the property which labour and industry began; and the leagues that have been made between several states and kingdoms, either expressly or tacitly disowning all claim and right to the land in the others possession, have, by common consent, given up their pretences to their natural common right, which originally they had to those countries, and so have, by positive agreement, settled a property amongst themselves, in distinct parts and parcels of the earth; yet there are still great tracts of ground to be found, which (the inhabitants thereof not having joined with the rest of mankind, in the consent of the use of their common money) lie waste, and are more than the people who dwell on it do, or can make use of, and so still lie in common; tho' this can scarce happen amongst that part of mankind that have consented to the use of money.

最初，就绝大部分人而言，满足于自然直接提供给他们的生活必需品；然而后来，世界某些部分的种群，（在那里，人口和储蓄的增长，并随着货币的使用，使土地变得不足，因而有了一些价值）多个社群之间确定了他们各自的领土边界，并在社群内部通过法律管理他们社会的私人财产权，于是通过契约和协议，确定由劳动创造的财产权；多个国家和王国之间则订立盟约，以明确表达或默认的形式否认了彼此之间的土地要求和权利，从而，基于共同的同意，放弃了他们原初对于别的国家所拥有的自然的共有权利的要求，于是，通过肯定性的协议，确定他们之间的财产权，在地球上形成各个不同的国家；然而还有大片土地被发现，（那里的居民并未与其余的人类通过使用共同的货币而融合在一起）这些土地处于荒芜状态，多于那里的居民所能够使用，因而仍处于共有状态；不过这种情形很少发生在那些同意使用货币的人群之中。

The third factor is in the supervision of land fund, including (1) selling land illegally and running into debt by over spending "the second finance" derived from the money by selling land illegally;(2) that the towns' government deliberately engrosses the rural collective compensation funds without timely land compensation funds.

三是土地资金管理方面包括（1）违规出让土地，将土地出让金作为&第二财政&超范围列支形成负债；（2）土地补偿资金不到位，乡镇政府随意占用农村集体补偿资金。

At the same time, we should strengthen the appraisal work of the collective land, definitude the main body of the income by land converting, set up a compensation pattern fit for the market economics, try to find more new ways to settle farmers down, improve the finance system, harmonize the programming of the urban and land, and change the main method of the state-lands remising.

建立以产权分离为核心的市场化制度，允许集体土地使用权流转。同时，加强农地定级估价工作，明确受益主体，建立适应市场经济的征地补偿模式，进行多元化的土地补偿方式创新；完善公共财政管理体制，进行相关配套改革；搞好城市规划与土地利用规划的衔接和协调；土地使用权有偿出让应以实行年租制为主。

On evening of 22 local property market in Shanghai introduced the New Deal 14 Article XIV rules explicitly requires:"strictly enforce the overall land use planning and land use annual plans, strengthening the supply of land management, from the tight operating commodity housing project supply of land."

10月22日晚出台的上海地方楼市新政14条细则的第十四条明确要求：&严格执行土地利用总体规划和土地利用年度计划，加强土地供应管理，从紧经营性商品住房项目的土地供应。&

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。