土地

From the land-use system has nearly 20 years, the premium paid land use management in advance, optimizing the allocation of land resources, the rational allocation of land proceeds, the asset value of land, not to guarantee state land revenue loss, promote land market development, and played an important role.

从土地使用制度改革至今近20年中，地价管理在推进土地有偿使用、优化配置土地资源、合理分配土地收益、实现土地资产价值、保证国有土地收益不流失、促进土地市场建设等方面发挥了重要作用。

The results show that the cultivated land area in Wanzhou will slightly decreased while the construction land will slightly increased,forest land will increased dramatically,and it is difficult to improve the ecosystem service value by single increasing the wetland area.Grassland ecological restoration and increasing orchard area will improve the ecosystem service value by comprehensive treatment of geological hazards and soil loss.The ecosystem service theory value in Wanzhou is 11.89 billion yuan each year,the correction value is 10.64 billion yuan each year,and the present value is 9.65 billion yuan each year.This shows the ecological restoration has good economical efficiency.The optimization of land use structures based on ecosystem service value could satisfy the development of social economy with land demand,and realized the benefit of ecology and economy inphase,the study supported a new way to solve the key technical problem in land use programming in China.

计算结果表明：（1）规划期内万州区耕地面积略有减少，建设用地面积有所增加，林地面积有较大幅度增加，大规模增加湿地面积提高土地生态功能价值则难以实现；（2）地质灾害与水土流失综合治理、草地生态系统修复以及适当增加园地面积，能够提高万州区土地生态功能价值；（3）万州区土地生态经济理论价值为11888亿元/a，修正价值为10644亿元/a，均高于现状值9653亿元/a，土地生态修复与建设的生态经济效益可观；（4）基于生态系统服务价值的土地利用结构优化，能够满足社会经济发展对土地的需求并同步实现生态经济效益的最优，为解决土地利用规划中的关键技术问题提供新的方法。

The transformation from natural soil to agricultural soil results inevitably from the development of human life and production.

土地肥力是土地的客观属性；土地肥力包括了许多要素；具有肥力的土地是农业基本生产资料；土地自然肥力是自然历史过程的产物；土地经济肥力是人工肥力和自然肥力的统一体；科学技术在土地肥力发展中起着十分重要的作用；自然土壤向农业土壤的转化和发展，是人类生活和生产发展的必然产物。

The reasons that result in these problems are unadapted land use system. imperfect land administration mechanism, and uncontrolled investment project administration. In order to optimize city land utilizati...

造成这些问题的主要原因在于土地使用制度不适应、土地管理机制不完善和投资项目管理失控，为优化湖南城镇土地利用，必须采取以下措施：制定和完善土地利用政策；改革土地使用制度；加强规划工作；实行土地综合开发；强化土地管理。

The unearned increment is resulted not from work of individuals, but from social progress, economic development and team effort.

土地增值税系於土地所有权移转或设定典权时，对土地涨价总数额，以一定之比率，去除土地自然增值之利益，因为增值之利益并非这个人努力工作所获得的相对报酬，属於「不劳而获」利得，是社会进步，经济发展，集体努力所创造出来的成果，并本於此社会之进步，交通设备之改良，自然而生之繁荣汇聚於都市土地上所表现出来的，即为土地之自然增值，为实现社会公平正义，此自然增值之部分，自应以土地增值税除去部分利得，部分归公，部分归私，不能让其归属於少数人所独享，以维护自然的衡平及正义。

Emerged in the land use reformation, the land market development and state-owned enterprises reformation, Land Reserve System is an innovation of urban land system, which aims at Vitalization the urban stock and sustainable development of land.

城市土地储备制度是我国土地使用制度的一项创新，它是在我国土地使用制度改革、土地市场发展和国有企业改革过程中应运而生的以盘活城市存量土地、实现城市土地资源可持续发展的一项土地管理制度。

And the land price system is also dissevered between the rural and urban area, the price of the farmland and the construction land are not normative scientifically.

在这种制度安排下导致我国土地资源配置中出现诸多问题：城市化的发展、乡镇企业发展以及农村劳动力结构变化都要求农村土地入市，但是法律上却存在着障碍从而导致农地非法非农化和建设用地自发交易；在不完全的土地产权体系中农村集体和农户利益受到侵害；国家利益随着划拨土地入市而大量流失；在割裂的土地市场制度下土地价格体系也出现城乡割裂，农村集体土地不论是农用地还是非农用地的价格都未得到科学的界定和规范。

With this aim , this paper has made a comprehensive study on the problem of the land requisition in our country . armed with such renowned theories as the theory of property right application , land rent , public choice etc ., the study has rendered a potent analysis of the problems involved in the current land requisition policy and their reasons . then , based on china ' s realities , it advances its own proposal to renovate the current policy from various aspects including the nature and limitation , the procedure and the standard of compensations of the land requisition , that is , by means of a combination of enumeration and generalization , decide on a strict definition of public interests ; improve the procedure of the requisition of land under the principle of openness , justice and high efficiency ; set up the compensation standard with the market price as the baton while versified by other supplementary ways ; most importantly , clarify the property right of land

本文通过对土地征用问题进行系统、深入的调查研究，针对当前我国土地征用制度存在的主要缺陷和弊端，应用产权理论、地租理论、公共选择理论、新制度经济学中的路径依赖理论以及其它相关理论分析土地征用存在的问题及其原因，并结合国内外的先进经验，立足本国实际，从征地性质与范围的界定、征地程序的完善，以及征地补偿标准的确定，提出了完善土地征用制度的政策建议：采取列举式和概括式相结合的方式，严格的界定&公共利益&范围；树立正当的程序观念，按照公正、公开与效率的原则，完善征地程序；建立以市场价格为主的土地征用补偿标准，建立多样化的征地补偿方式等来解决我国征地中存在的问题，但最根本的是明晰土地产权从而进一步完善我国土地征用制度。

The land bank agency on behalf of the Government or by the Government commissioned a land bank specializing in the development of institutions, agencies involved in land bank land bank and development activities in order to further deepen the reform of land use system, regulate the land market order, and related activities and shows that the Government acts, and its goal is to strengthen land management to achieve macro-control, which is to take the credit policy to achieve the overall objective of macro-control is consistent.

土地银行机构代表政府或由政府委托的土地储备专门从事发展的机构，机构参与的土地储备的土地储备和开发活动，以进一步深化土地使用制度，规范土地市场秩序，有关的活动，并显示了政府行为，其目标是加强土地管理，以实现宏观调控，这是采取的信贷政策，以实现其总体目标是宏观调控是一致的。

"Guidelines" in particular the "land bank loans" concept, and land reserve loans from real estate development loans, clear land reserve loan is "paid to the borrower for the land acquisition and land pre-development, finishing the loans, land reserve loans the borrower is limited to a charge of land development agency."

&准则&特别是&土地银行贷款&的概念，土地储备贷款，房地产开发贷款，明确土地储备贷款是&支付给借款人的土地购置和土地预开发，整理的贷款，土地储备贷款的借款人仅限于负责土地开发机构。&

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。