土地

Because of the low efficiency of economy collectivization, collective property rights can"t last for a long time and central government has to communicate with community and peasants. Rural community collective property rights become subjective through balancing benefits by formal or informal trading. With the changes of political and economical environment, the contradiction of rural community property rights between fair and efficiency become more and more serious. Collective lands and collective enterprises advance to privatization gradually. There are two kinds of country collective property rights in the history of its evolution, one offer community common good and the other satisfy peasants" private demand. The collective property rights institution improvement brings efficiency because it privatizes the latter. Because of the limit of industrialization and civilization, land is still the last social welfare of peasants, so rural community must attain the collective property rights to control the pressure of population. Also community has to get money from collective economy.

本文分析的思路是；由于制度变迁的&路径依赖&，农村社区之间的利益分配边界在解放以后得以保持并在集体化过程中得到加强，为社区获得排他性集体产权奠定了基础；由于国家对农村经济的集体化效率极低而不可能长期维持，国家不得不与社区和农民对话，通过正式或非正式的交易平衡多方利益，社区集体产权获得实质性内容；随着政治、经济等环境的不断变化，社区集体产权公平与效率之间的矛盾同益明显，集体土地和集体企业逐渐朝私有化的方向发展；从农村社区集体产权制度变迁的历史来看，集体产权实际上包含两种形式：提供社区公共物品和满足社区农民个人需求，每一次集体产权的制度创新，都是使后者&私有化&而提高了集体经济的效率；但是，受我国工业化和城市化进程缓慢的制约，土地依然是农民最后的生存保障，农村社区必须保持对土地的集体产权以调节人口变化对土地的压力，社区组织行使职能也必须有一定的集体经济提供资金支持。

There are lots of complicated relations and contradictions in the course of land expropriation, such as relation between a series of land ownerships, the changes of land utilization nature, and the economic benefits in many aspects.

在土地征用过程中，发生了一系列土地所有权关系、土地使用性质以及经济关系的变化，涉及到多方面的经济利益，存在着诸多矛盾，其中土地征用补偿是其问题的关键。

When he worked as the full-time scholar in Shenzhen Real estate Research Center, he was in charge of or partook in these tasks: Shenzhen State-owned Land Leasng Methods, Report on Shenzhen State-owned Land Leasng Research, Regulations Compilation of Issues Left Over by History of Shenzhen Land, Influence And Counter Measures of Property Law's Enactment on the State-owned Land Housing Management, Shenzhen Land Utilization Planning Management Methods, Shenzhen Policy Renting Houses Returning Methods, Shenzhen Policy Renting Houses Returning Work Scheme, and 2007 Shenzhen State-owned Land And House Property Management Legal System Construction Seasonal Report.

id=36068。在担任深圳市房地产研究中心访问学者期间，负责或参与《深圳市国有土地租赁办法》、《深圳市国有土地租赁研究报告》、《深圳市土地历史遗留问题法律政策汇编》、《物权法实施对国土资源房产管理的影响及其对策》、《深圳市土地利用规划管理办法》、《深圳市政策性出租住房清退办法》、《深圳市政策性出租住房清退工作方案》、《2007年深圳市国土资源和房产管理法制建设季度报告》等课题。

Ordinary commodity housing construction project in a specific item, a notice of land use rights transfer must be planning indicators, such as consumer demand Taoxing area as land tenure tender, auction or listing transferring lead conditions; in a contract or transfer of land use rights transfer land to the book, it must contain the above elements, to ensure that low-cost housing spaces ordinary commodity effective supply.

对普通商品住房建设项目，在发布具体项目的土地使用权出让公告中，必须把各项规划指标、套型面积等控制性要求作为土地使用权招标、拍卖或挂牌出让的前置条件；在土地使用权出让合同或划拨土地决定书中，也必须载明上述内容，以保证中低价位普通商品住房的有效供应。

On a base of many fact data from Hong jiang city, this article use some scientific analysis way, provides scientific basis for analyzing the mutual relation between town and country' s structure and distribution and intension of land use; for town and country' s rational land distribution; for improving land productivity and land economic value of output; for land protection and a rational land use. The author wish to open up a path for the development of town and country.

本文以洪江市为研究区域，在大量的事实数据的基础上，运用了灰色系统法、回归分析法、经济相关法、综合分析法等科学分析手段，对该区域的城乡用地结构及布局与土地集约利用的相互关系，分析和处理好其相互制约性和促进性，为现在的城乡发展中的用地结构比例，城乡用地的合理布局、分区，土地生产率和经济产值的提高，耕地保护以及土地利用规划中土地的合理利用提供科学的依据和方法，并希望能为我国城乡发展规律开拓出一条正确、合理的道路。

Canton Government clearly stipulates that the recovery of idle land, the original allocation of business land, to be replaced by real estate development sites must be recovered by the Government in accordance with the law or the acquisition of land reserves in the government database, according to real estate development sites to the annual plan tender, auction and listing transactions openly sold, from the source to ensure that land resources, the quantity and quality of reserves.

广东政府明确规定，回收的闲置土地，原先的拨款为企业的土地，改为房地产开发的网站，必须恢复该国政府依照法律规定或收购土地储备，政府的数据库，根据房地产开发网站的年度计划，招标，拍卖和公开出售上市交易，从源头上确保土地资源的数量和质量储备。

On 1, closely watched in Beijing CBDNW07-1 block of state-owned land use right transfer tender opening scene, the plot is the Chaoyang District, the establishment of a land bank since the implementation of the Land-level institutions to develop and the market The first publicly traded land.

6对1 ，密切关注在北京CBDNW07 - 1块国有土地使用权转让开标现场，这一阴谋是朝阳区，建立了土地储备实施以来的土地一级机构发展和市场的第一次公开上市交易的土地。

When a real estate is transferred or changed, an application should be made with the real estate administration department of people's government above the county level for registration of the change and upon the modified title certificate, an application should be made with the land administration department of the people's government at same level for a change to the right of land use.

房地产转让或者变更时，应当向县级以上地方人民政府房产管理部门申请房产变更登记，并凭变更后的房屋所有权证书向同级人民政府土地管理部门申请土地使用权变更登记，经同级人民政府土地管理部门核实，由同级人民政府更换或者更改土地使用权证书。

Paid use of land is economic condition of getting land use rights and a concrete form of land price.

土地有偿使用实质上是土地所有权在经济上实现的一种形式，是取得土地使用权的经济条件，是土地价格的一种具体形式。

The results are as follows: 1 great changes have taken place in land use and landscape pattern from 1995 to 2000; the area of woodland, water and unused land has been reduced and that of grassland, cropland and construction land increased; 2 the advance of fractal dimensions, the diversity index and landscape fragmentation degree showed that landscape units became strongly fragmented; 3 the dominant degree of construction and unused land has changed little but that of meadow and water increased, and that of farmland and woodland decreased to some extent, which indicated that the trend of landscape pattern changed from cropland and woodland to meadow and water; 4 the changes of land use and landscape patterns near the road are obvious and it is urgent to strengthen eco_environment protection.

主要结果如下：①1995-2000年间，研究区土地利用变化显著，其中林地、水域和未利用土地面积下降，而草地、耕地和建设用地面积增加；②景观破碎化程度加剧，分维数、多样性指数和景观破碎度均增加；③建设用地和未利用土地优势度变化不大，耕地和林地的优势度减小，草地和水域优势度增加，表明研究区景观格局由耕地、林地向草地和水域转变；④交通干线附近的土地利用和景观格局变化显著，加强这些区域的生态环境保护与建设势在必行。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。