土体

Moreover,a numerical model of embeded pipeline/soil interaction under complex wave laod is developed, the behavior of pipeline in the liquefied soil is simulated base on finite distortion theory, finaly the influence factors are analysed and a set of conclusions are put forward.

建立了复杂波浪荷载作用下埋置管线与周围土体相互作用的数学模型，并基于大变形理论，对管线在液化土体中的移动进行了模拟，并对影响土体液化和管线在液化土体中行为的因素进行了分析。

The dry density is the index that represents the density extent of soil body, so there is a relation between the amount of frost heaving and thaw-settlement and soil average dry density.

而土体的干容重是表征比重一定的土体，土颗粒松散程度的指标，因此土体的冻胀和融沉量和土体的平均干容重之间产生了联系。

On the base of the analysis, the following standpoints are presented definitely. There is no such a so-called zone with low density near the inwall of the lining. Upon the explosion terminates, the mortar would lose characteristics of the fluid. The compression strength of the lining layer formed by explosion is higher than that of a reference block tested.

在假定材料服从Tresca屈服准则或Coulomb屈服准则的条件下，得到了圆形井筒和球形腔体最大扩张压力p〓的计算公式；衬砌材料塑性区应力σ〓、σ〓和土体塑性区的应力σ〓、σ〓的计算公式；土体弹性区的应力σ〓、σ〓和径向位移u〓的计算公式；衬砌材料与土体交界面半径R〓以及土体中弹塑性区交界面半径R〓的计算公式。

The theory of KEM for simple soils limit analysis is dissertated in detail. Based on this, KEM has been developed to complicated soils limit analysis for the first time. Appropriate functions and variables of different engineering practice are presented, and the minimization technique for functions is adopted the conjugate gradient method.

在详细论述了土体极限分析KEM的基本原理、对均质土体极限分析KEM研究的基础上，根据KEM的基本原理，在国内首次将KEM扩展应用到复杂土体的极限分析中，根据工程问题的实际情况找出了合适的KEM土体极限分析目标函数和自变量，对目标函数的优化方法采用了变尺度法。

By using the GUI program, the user can deal with practical problem conveniently: soil space distributing, soils parameter; having or no water and water distribution, loads distribution and values; earthquake condition; start element of KEM; pointing out the elements which displacement should be known and the displacement value.

编制的图形用户界面程序能使用户方便地在图形界面下，按照菜单和对话框的提示，人机交互输入KEM土体极限分析需要的所有资料：土体的空间分布情况，各土层的土体参数，有无地下水以及地下水的水位分布情况，外荷载的分布及大小，地震情况，划分初始的KEM土体单元，指定需要施加虚位移的土体单元及与其相应虚位移的大小。

The action point of limiting force on retaining structure is not always at 1/3 of the height of retaining structures, but varies with the friction angle δ between soil and retaining structures, the type of limiting state, the failure mode, the internal friction angle φ, and cohesion c of the soil, ranging from 1/5 to 2/3 of the height of retaining structures.

3土体极限荷载P〓的作用点位置不象Coulomb理论中假定的那样，总是作用在墙高的1／3处，而是与土体极限状态的类型、土体的破坏形式、墙土之间的摩擦角δ、土体的内摩擦角φ和粘聚力c有关系，在挡土结构物高度的1／5到2／3的范围内取值。

Recent years as development of the computer and software, it becomes reality using numeric simulation to research grouting in clay. Using the software of PFC2D, the grouting in clay is lucubrated and such achievements are reached: Grouting technologies in existence grouting material and serosity are studied and rational methods are put forward in choosing grouting technology and serosity.(2) Base on numeric simulation biax test a method is explored to simulate clay with PFC2D.(3) A method is explored to simulate grouting using PFC2D.(4) The relation between serosity pressure and diffuseness of grouting in clay with different initial stress is studied.(5) The stress transformation of clay is studied during grouting.(6) The stress distribution is studied under different serosity pressure.(7) The normal stresss and shear stresss at any section are studied.

近年来随着计算技术的发展，使得采用数值模拟的方式研究均质土体中的注浆成为可能，本文则利用离散元程序PFC2D对均质土体中注浆进行了研究，主要做了以下几方面的工作：(1)研究了现有注浆加固技术、注浆材料以及浆液的性质，阐述了合理选择注浆方式以及浆液的方法；(2)采用数值双轴实验，探索了应用离散元模型模拟土体的方法：(3)探索了采用颗粒流程序进行注浆数值模拟的方法途径；(4)研究了在粘土中注浆不同侧向土压力条件下浆液扩散范围与注浆压力规律；(5)研究了注浆过程中不同阶段土体中压应力的变化；(6)研究了不同注浆压力对土体应力分稚的影响：(7)研究了注浆过程中土体中任一截面处正应力与剪应力的对比关系。

5Researches show that changes of resistivity,temperature,pressure and deformationduring freezing-thawing cycles are real-time and synchronical,which proves that it is feasibleto study the changes of soil structure during freezing-thawing and problem of strength-deformation under external load by using electrical resistivity method.

5通过单轴载荷与冻融作用下冻土电阻率特性试验研究表明土体电阻率与应力-应变关系、正冻正融过程以及土体温度的变化具有很好的同步性，说明利用电阻率实时观测的方法研究冻融循环过程、冻融作用对土体结构影响以及载荷作用下土体强度与变形问题是可行的

The thesis toke problem of deformation and destroying of the earth mass as it's invention, integrated the earth mass's existing environment, ingredients and macrostructure, discovered mechanism of deforming and destroying, made clear the relationships between those.Through outdoors samples, indoors examination surface wave testing and audio wave testing ,do some research on physical, mechanical, chemical, disintegrative and dynamics property of stuff of earth mass and proposed four kinds of earth mass's stuff formed type;under the guidance of theory of dominant structural surface and adopting precision measurement of structural surface, proposed three dominant kinds of structural surface assembling;based on those , proposed four types of earth mass's deformation and destroying, carried out rationed estimation of stability on four types, then definite the characters of deforming and destroying and controlled relation between environment , stuff, macrostructure and deformation and destroying of mass earth, and breakthrough ordinary principle about soil's deformation and destroying, further proofed the theory of earth mass cybernetics's popularization

本学位论文针对台地危险土体的变形破坏问题，将土体的赋存环境、土体物质组成和土体宏观结构的研究紧密地结合，阐明了土体变形破坏的机制，明晰了土体变形破坏与土体的赋存环境、土体材料组成、土体宏观结构三要素之间的关系，并从土体的物质组成的角度，以野外取样、室内实验、现场面波、声波无损伤测试为手段，研究了土体物质的物理、力学、化学、矿物、崩解性、动力学性质，提出了研究区内土体物质成分的四种组合形式；以优势结构面理论为指导，以结构面的精确测绘为手段，通过统计、归纳与分析，提出三种有利于台地危险土体变形破坏的优势组合形式；据此提出了具有广泛代表意义的台地危险土体变形破坏的四种模式，并对其进行稳定性评价，从而明确了危险土体的宏观结构对变形破坏的控制作用，映证了土体结构控制论。

By the numerical analysis of the ultimate bearing capacity of two- and three-dimensional footing under combined loading mode, the results show that the effect of alteration of underground water lever on bearing capacity of three-dimensional foundation is more than on that of two-dimensional foundation, the effect of soil gravity on bearing capacity of three-dimensional foundation is more than that of two-dimensional foundation. At the same time, the numerical calculation process of ABAQUS indicates that whether the geostatic stress is balanced or not has great effect on the numerical convergence. In view of the effect extent of dilation angle of soil on the ultimate bearing capacity and the failure pattern of foundation, the condition of two-dimensional plane strain is higher than that of the three-dimensional foundation.

复合加载模式下，通过对三维矩形基础和二维条形基础进行数值分析，结果表明：黏性土地基中地下水位的变化，对三维矩形基础极限承载力的影响程度高于对二维条形基础的影响；在求解地基极限承载力的过程中，土体重度对三维矩形基础的影响明显高于对二维条形基础的影响，同时ABAQUS数值计算过程表明，地基土体地应力能否合理平衡，对数值求解过程中是否收敛有很大的影响；就土体剪胀角对地基极限承载力的影响程度而言，二维平面应变情况下土体剪胀角对极限承载力的影响比三维情况下的影响更明显，即土体剪胀角对条形基础极限承载力的影响高于三维矩形基础。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失