圆蛛

The resulting phylogeny indicated that:(1) Araneidae and Tetragnathidae, which build orb webs, are not a sister group in the superfamily Araneoidea;(2) Theridiidae and Linyphiidae, which build nonorb webs, are also not monophyletic, The results also corroborated the independent origins of linyphiid sheet webs and theridiid gumfoot webs;(3) The phylogenetic placement of linyphiid closer to tetragnathid than to araneid implies that the similarities of male palpal organ between linyphiids and araneids may be homoplastic rather than homologous.

结果表明：(1)织圆网的园蛛科和肖蛸科蜘蛛在园蛛总科里不是姊妹群；(2)不织圆网的球蛛科和皿蛛科也不是单系的，进一步证实了皿蛛片网和球蛛网独立起源的观点；(3)皿蛛科蜘蛛的分子系统发生地位与肖蛸科较近而与园蛛科较远表明皿蛛科和园蛛科间雄性触肢结构的相似性很可能是类似而不是同源相似。

These properties were mechanical properties, color and optical characteristics, density and deliquescent effect, thermal properties. On the basis of these, the mechanisms of excellent mechanical properties of the spider silk fibers were investigated on the following aspects.

本文以广泛分布于我国各地的大腹圆蛛为研究对象，在研究分析其三种主要的丝纤维——牵引丝、蛛网框丝、包卵丝的力学性能、色泽、密度与吸湿性以及热学性能的基础上，从以下几方面探索了蜘蛛丝优异力学性能的形成机理。

The result indicates that the number of piriform gland spigot and aciniform gland spigot, with or without nubbin and cylindrical gland spigot, the number of cylindrical gland spigots, etc.

结果表明，圆颚蛛科和光盔蛛科的纺管类型一致；二者与管巢蛛科的纺管区别较大。

Lady Spidery asked:" Don't you remember what happened on the spider web in Yuanyin temple sixteen years ago?"

蛛儿对甘鹿说："你难道不曾记得十六年前，圆音寺的蜘蛛网上的事情了吗？"

To realize the molecular compositions and bio-spinning mechanisms of spidroin in spider major ampullate, the molecular weight and amino acid compositions of spidrion solution were measured and compared with that of dragline silk. The molecular conformations and morphologies of spidroin and dragline silk in different spinning phases were determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy and laser Raman spectroscopy.

本文以广泛分布于我国各地的大腹园蛛为对象，研究了大腹园蛛主腺体内丝蛋白溶液的分子量和氨基酸组成，并利用圆二色光谱和拉曼光谱分析了蜘蛛在不同成丝阶段丝蛋白的分子构象和聚集态结构的变化，以期了解蜘蛛主腺体内丝蛋白的分子组成及其生物纺丝机制。

This finding well supports that the orb-web similarities between Deinopoidea and Araneoidea are more likely the result of convergent rather than homologous evolution.

重建的系统发生树表明：园蛛总科和妖面蛛总科蜘蛛不是姊妹群，从而支持这两个类群的圆网是平行演化而非同源演化的观点。

Web-spinning spiders, whose habitats or biology are diverse, construct many types of aerial webs. Most species of spiders belonging to Deinopoidea and Araneoidea use orb-webs to capture prey.

蜘蛛目中的织网蜘蛛由于栖息环境、捕食方式等方面的差异而织不同类型的蛛网，其中只有妖面蛛总科和园蛛总科两个类群蜘蛛织圆网。

Has the orb-web a monophyletic or a polyphyletic origin? In other words, is Orbiculariae (Deinopoidea + Araneoidea) monophyletic or polyphyletic? There is a considerable dispute about phylogenetic relationship between Deinopoidea and Araneoidea.

但关于妖面蛛总科和园蛛总科间系统发生关系，即圆网蛛类是否为单系起源，换言之，圆网究竟是经历一次进化还是多次进化，多年来始终是悬而未决的蛛形学难题之一。

In the present study, mitochondrial 12S, 16S and nuclear 18S, 28S rDNA fragments of ten species of spiders were amplified and sequenced. Using neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood methods and Bayesian analyses, the phylogenetic relationship between Deinopoidea and Araneoidea was inferred from the combined DNA sequences of 12S, 16S, 18S and 28S rDNA fragments. The resulting phylogeny indicated that: Deinopoidea and Araneoidea did not form single clade.

本文首先测定了包括复杂生殖器类中妖面蛛总科、园蛛总科和非圆网蛛类等3个类群在内的9科10种蜘蛛线粒体12S rDNA、16S rDNA及核18S rDNA、28S rDNA等4个基因片段序列，并基于4个基因序列的整合数据，分别通过邻接法、最大简约法、最大似然法和贝叶斯法分析，对园蛛总科和妖面蛛总科蜘蛛之间的分子系统关系进行了探讨。

The study indicates that Geodrassus diguitusiformis Hu, 2001 should be transferred to the genus Trachelas; Clubiona heteroducta Zhang et Yin, 1998 and Clubiona xiningensis Hu, 2001 are synonymized with Clubiona gongi Zhang et al., 1997 and Clubiona neglecta O.P.

管巢蛛科、圆颚蛛科、光盔蛛科(圆颚蛛和光盔蛛以前是管巢蛛的一部分，后被分出)目前全球分别已知15属527种、75属831种和32属239种；中国以往记述分别为1属78种(另有3疑问种)、7属18种(另有3疑问种)、和4属19种。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。