圆叶的

This paper extracted and analysed 11Math-Mophological Features such as Area, Perimeter, X-Length, Y-Length, Shape-Parameter, Lobation, Sphericity, Circularity, Roundness, Eccentricity and HoleNumber. Based on 40 species of insects which belonging to 8 Orders, 25 Families. And then ranks the accountability of 11 features each in insect identification while assessing their implication to insect taxonomy on levels of Order, Superfamily, Family and Species. More than those, also describes the kinship among the insects of various categories within the same level from the perspective of mathematical morphology through cluster analyses.

论文对隶属于8个目25科的40种昆虫利用计算机视觉技术进行了自动鉴别研究，从昆虫图像中提取和分析了这些昆虫的面积、周长、横轴长、纵轴长、形状参数、叶状性、球状性、圆形性、似圆度、偏心率、亮斑数等11项数学形态特征，并分别探讨了在目、总科、科及种分类阶元上这些数学特征在昆虫分类中的应用可能性和可靠性，利用聚类分析从数学形态学角度对所涉及到的同阶元昆虫类群的亲缘关系做了描述。

Shape and color characteristics were used to form the separated pattern vector and RBF network was used as classifier for each pattern. Each classifier was linearly combined to give the final identification result. Shape pattern consists of rectangularity, elongation, roundness, sphericity, lobation and seven movement invariants. R, G, B, L histogram and R.G chromaticity histogram were treated as separated color characteristic vector.

昆虫图像的形态特征值由矩形度、延长度、球状型、叶状型、似圆度和 7个Hu不变矩等12个特征值组成，颜色特征值由红、绿、蓝、灰度真方图及基于红、绿的二维色度直方图特征值分别组成，然后建立径向基神经网络分类器，每一特征向量由独立的径向基神经网络做为分类器，最终识别由每个分类器识别结果的线性组合而成。

Leaves basal; leaf blade orbicular or reniform to broadly ovate-cordate, smaller at anthesis, 1.5-2.5 × 1.5-2.5 cm, gradually accrescent, to 4.5 × 4.5 cm, both surfaces sparsely puberulous or subglabrous, base deeply cordate, margin crenate, apex rounded or ± acute.

叶基生叶片圆形的或肾形的到宽卵形心形，在花期小的， 1.5-2.5 * 1.5-2.5 厘米，逐渐增大，达 4.5 * 4.5 厘米，两面疏生微柔毛或近无毛，基部深心形，边缘具圆齿，先端圆形的或多少锐尖。

Mm thick, pith lamellate; nodes slightly prominent. Culm sheaths gradually deciduous, green, about as long as internodes or slightly longer, leathery, sparsely setose, margins withered; auricles absent or small and circular; oral setae few, readily deciduous, erect; ligule truncate or arcuate, ca. 2 mm, glaucous, initially ciliolate; blade deflexed or reflexed, shortly triangular, base slightly constricted, apex acuminate.

逐渐脱落，绿色的竿箨，大约节间和有点长，似皮革的倍于，稀疏刚毛，空白边枯萎；叶耳无的或小和圆；口头的刚毛很少，容易落叶，直立；叶舌截断或者弧曲，约2毫米，有白霜，最初具短缘毛；叶片外折的或反折，短三角形，基部稍缢缩，先端渐尖。

Leaves simple, rarely trifoliolate, opposite, sessile or shortly petiolate, no more than 5 mm; blade ovate to oblong-ovate, 11-14(-16.5)× 5.5-7(-8) cm, coriaceous, glabrous, adaxially lustrous green, abaxially pale green, main vein impressed adaxially and prominent abaxially, lateral veins 5-9(-11) pairs, slightly discernible adaxially and conspicuous abaxially, base subcordate, rarely rounded, margin glandular crenate or -serrate, apex apiculate, cusp 5-10(-15) mm.

单叶，很少具三小叶，对生，无梗或短具叶柄，顶多5毫米；叶片卵形到长圆状卵形， 11-14(-16.5)* 5.5-7(-8)厘米，革质的，无毛，正面的是有光泽的绿色，背面的淡绿色，主脉正面凹陷和突出背面，侧脉5–9(–11)对，正面稍可见，背面明显，基部近心形，很少圆形，边缘腺状圆齿或腺锯齿，先端具细尖，尖突5–10(–15)毫米。

Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile and cuneate or auriculate, pinnately or palmately veined, entire, dentate, or crenate; ultimate veins ending or not with apiculate callosities.

具叶柄或者无柄和楔形的茎生叶或者耳形，成羽状或者掌状脉，整个，有齿，或具圆齿；末级的脉以具细尖的胼胝体结束不的或。

Diversity in leaf shape is produced by alterations of the margin: for example, deep dissection leads to leaflet formation and less-pronounced incision results in serrations or lobes.

植物的叶子即可以是一个简单的叶片，也可以由多个单独的小叶组成。此外，无论单叶还是复叶都可能具有齿状或圆突状的边缘。

In order to help the man realize his wish, Tzu Chi volunteers decide to lend a hand by buying the palm leaves needed for the house.

为了一圆苗威的梦，慈济志工决定伸出援手，采买盖房子所需要的亚达叶，由慈济志工负责采买，全村为了这件事总动员，走向苗威的建地。

The results showed that the four pear varieties treated with indocalamus bags had russet fruit skin with high density of brown rust spots, which caused poor fruit appearance of 'Cuiguan','Xueqing','Wonwhang' and lowered their commercial value. However, the fruit appearance of 'Pogua' pear changed better.

结果表明：4个砂梨品种箬叶袋套袋后果实呈黄褐色，果面覆盖较多的褐色锈斑，严重影响翠冠、雪青和圆黄等现代砂梨品种的果实外观品质和商品性，但改善了蒲瓜梨的外观品质。

Results showed that, through indocalamus bagging four pyrus pyrifolia varieties had fruit russet, were covered with many brown rust spots, the fruit quality and commercial appearance of 'Cuiguan','Xueqing','Wonwhang' had been severely affected, however,'Pogua' pear was improved the appearance quality.

结果表明：4个砂梨品种箬叶袋套袋后果实呈黄褐色，果面覆盖较多的褐色锈斑，严重影响翠冠、雪青和圆黄等现代砂梨品种的果实外观品质和商品性，但改善了蒲瓜梨的外观品质。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。