国际贸易

Import and Export business knowledge (102 hours; 5 credits)International Sale of Goods mainly centered on the basic process of import and export business and international trade in today's widely used approach to introduce a variety of trade, to enable students to understand the international trade environment, the corresponding international trade practices and professional terminology, grasp the work of foreign trade the basic link and method of operation.

进出口业务知识（102学时；5学分）主要以国际货物买卖合同为中心，对进出口业务的基本流程和当今国际贸易广泛使用的各种贸易方式进行介绍，使学生了解国际贸易环境、相应的国际贸易惯例和专业术语，掌握对外贸易工作的基本环节和操作方法。

On the basis of those theories, take the economical development as the goal, the author treats that how the international trade promotes region economy development, including the domain of dependence economic structure constituent reciprocity, grasps function about the international trade to the region economy development mechanism, formulates the most suitable region foreign trade developmental strategy, Thus assure open rhythm of our country region internal economy development, from our country national condition, using the foreign trade to promote the local economy development, cultivate area trade market, promote economies of scale formation, enhance the productivity , meanwhile strengthen this local international competition. Those are important significance of theory and the practice.

在此基础上，笔者以国际贸易理论为导向，以经济发展为目标，探讨国际贸易对区域经济发展的内在促进作用，包括有关区域经济结构组成部分的相互关系，把握好国际贸易对区域经济发展的作用机制，制定最适当的区域对外贸易发展战略，从而正确把握我国区域内部经济开发开放节奏，从我国国情出发，利用外贸促进地区经济发展、培育区际贸易市场、促进规模经济的形成、生产率的提高来增强本地区的国际竞争力等具有重要的理论和现实意义。

The CCPIT's legal service is one of the important functions of the CCPT/CCOIC, in pursuance of the consistent CCPIT/CCOIC purpose of promoting the development of China's foreign economic relations and trade, propelling the economic and technological cooperation between China and other countries and serving enterprises at home and abroad, the CCPIT Department of Legal Affairs has been submitting legislative proposals to the state legislative body and for improvement of international commercial rules on behalf of the business circle, providing advices for legal risk and precautions as well as sound solution of disputes for the international trade and investment and issuing authoritative certificates and support documents for international business, gaining wide acclaim from Chinese and foreign business communities for its fair-mindedness and authoritativeness.

中国贸促会法律服务作为中国贸促会/中国国际商会的重要职能之一，秉承我会促进中国对外经济贸易发展、促进中外经济技术合作、为国内外企业服务的一贯宗旨，代表商界为国家立法和国际商事规则的完善提供高质量立法建议，为国际贸易与投资提供法律风险防范意见和完善的纠纷解决方案，为国际商事交流出具权威性证书和证明文件，以其公正性和权威性在国内外商界树立了良好的形象，为我国对外经济贸易发展、加强国际交往做出了重要贡献。

Section 1 fOrigin of world economic organization, elucidating the trends ofinternational economy integration and the global and regionaldevelopment trends today.Section 2 fThe styles and functions of the worid econoAnc organization, thevicissitude in line of environments, times and their structuralfunctions in those organizations fOrmed to help solve investment,finance and trade related problems, e.g., Intemational Monetary Fund, Worid Bank and frOm Intemational Trade Organization, General Agreement on TariffS and Trade GArn to WoridTrade Organization (WTO,These organizations are incrcasinglyinterrelated in functions.ChaPter ThxefDeveloPment of trade in services.

第贰章为世界经济组织的发展，第一节为世界经济组织的缘起，阐述国际经济整合的趋势及现今全球性与区域性的发展现势；第二节世界经济组织之型式与功能，为解决投资、金融、贸易设立的国际货币基金（International Monetary Fund，IMF）、世界银行（World Bank，WB）和从国际贸易组织（International Trade Organization，ITO）、关税暨贸易总协定（General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade，GATT）到世界贸易组织（World Trade Organization，WTO）一路的衍化及随著时代环境变迁，其结构性功能转变，应益加密切相互关联。

This essay chiefly focuses on introduction to the Con-tinental Law and Anglo-American Law,on the differet interpretations of both Lawsin international trade,the distintion between international commercial law and inter-national trade practice,with a view to rendering it possible for those engaging inpractical work...

本文主要介绍大陆法系和英美法系；大陆法系和英美法系在国际贸易中的不同解释；国际商法与国际贸易惯例的区别，以便从事国际贸易实际工作时能正确运用有关国际法律准则，处理好不同国家的贸易合同。

The theory of international capital export in Marxism economy theory and Dengxiaoping economy theory, are the two basic theoretical supporting point.

马克思的国际资本流动理论指出，国际贸易导致了国际分工，国际分工进一步促进了国际贸易；随着国际贸易与国际分工的深入开展，国际资本流动形成。

Firstly, it seeks the sources from which theories have been developed, by a summary of evolution or a road-map. Secondly, it explains the two basic forms taken by traditional theories on intra-industry trade, namely, horizontal intra-industry trade model and vertical intra-industry trade model. Both models take final products as trade objects and products of same industry are thus simultaneously exported and imported among developed nations and among developed nations and developing ones.Thirdly, it points out that the theory of vertical intra-industry trade has already been expanded in scope in the area of trade between developed countries and LDCs. It shows that the implication of vertical intra-industry trade has expanded to the importation and exportation of parts and components, intermediate products or processing products produced via various working procedures or different production links within the same industry, with MNCs as carriers. It gives the summary of the methods of measuring intra-industry trade and argues that the basic method adopted by this thesis is G-L Index. In addition, GHM and Input-output Analysis are introduced to demonstrate the expansion of vertical intra-industry trade.

首先，通过整理国际贸易理论的发展脉络，寻求产业内贸易的理论渊源；其次，阐述产业内贸易传统理论的两种基本形式，水平型产业内贸易与垂直型产业内贸易的理论模型，指出两者都以最终产品为贸易对象，实现了发达国家之间或发达国家与发展中国家之间的同一产业内产品的同时进口和出口；第三，结合全球化的特点和跨国公司在国际要素分工中的基础作用，指出发达国家与发展中国家之间的垂直型产业内贸易理论已经得到拓展，表明垂直型产业内贸易涵义已发展成为以跨国公司为载体的同一产业内不同生产工序或不同生产环节的零部件、中间产品或加工产品的进口和出口；最后，归纳了产业内贸易的计量方法，指出本文的产业内贸易基本计量方法是G-L指数(格鲁贝尔-洛伊德计量法)，并在此基础上进一步说明与垂直型产业内贸易的拓展相关的计量方法包括：GHM计量法和Hummels投入-产出分析法。

Then the author analyzes empirically China's terms of trade from 1981,and the causes of the change in the net barter terms of trade by means of regression analysis ,which can be quantitied.we get the results that China's net barter terms of trade had a declining trend while its income terms and factorial terms of trade had been improved,and the net barter terms of trade positively correlates with actual tariff rate,exchange rate and negatively correlates with GDP,besides,the factors which can not be quantitied such as pure price fighting,inappropiate tariff sytem,foreign-invested enterprises's tranfer pricing and region trade agreement also lead to the above trend of China's net barter terms of trade,and the change in China's net barter terms of trade had a neglect impact on international trade benefit.

得出中国价格贸易条件总体上存在下降趋势，收入、要素条件呈现改善的趋势；实际关税率、汇率与价格贸易条件存在正相关关系，GDP指数与其负相关。出口企业恶性价格竞争、不合理的关税体制、外资企业的转移定价、区域贸易集团是造成中国价格贸易条件下降的非量化因素。此外，本文分析了1981-2004年价格贸易条件变动导致的中国国际贸易利益变化，发现价格贸易条件变动对中国国际贸易利益产生了一定的负面影响。最后，本文在分析中国价格贸易条件变动环境的基础上，认为中国工业化阶段不高、贸易限制性政策实施空间的减小、&合成谬误&现象及知识经济时代的到来会在一定时期内对价格贸易条件变动不利。

In the last two parts, the author analyses the channel for the technology spill-over by quoting capital goods, intermediated goods, export goods and international technology trade and the influencing factors for these channels.

在论述技术外溢推动技术进步时，本文不但从出口国的角度研究国际贸易技术外溢效应对技术进步的影响而且也从进口国的角度研究了国际贸易技术外溢效应对技术进步的影响；后二节分析了国际贸易技术溢出的渠道，包括资本品、中间品的进口、出口和国际技术贸易；国际贸易技术溢出渠道的影响因素。

Under the WTO initiative, the international trade which deepens day by day is impelling the economic train roll ahead at an accelerating pace. Nevertheless, protectionism seems to be gaining popularity among nation states at the same time, regardless of developing or developed country status. In the international trade domain, various barriers have become more universal phenomenon. Especially in the case of China , as the foreign trade dependence is rising gradually, it is in danger of being subjected to the trade barriers. In the world, China suffers the most number of antidumping investigation nowadays.

在世界经济强烈发展的推动下，特别是在 WTO 的宣导下，日益深化的国际贸易反过来进一步推动著世界各国的经济列车滚滚向前，国际贸易也成了世界各国进一步发展本国经济的重要支撑力量，由此贸易自由主义成为这个时代的一种基调；但是在另一方面，贸易保护主义又大行其道，无论是发展中国家还是发达国家，各种各样的壁垒成为国际贸易领域更加普遍的现象。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。