国际实践

Through reviewing the relevant regulations of various countries of civil law system and Anglo-American law system, the author make the systemic research of the subject issue and expound the transfer of the ownership of shipping goods in a fire-new angle in combination of international trade and international shipping, expecting to make active and useful instructing effect to the theory and practice of international trade and international carriage of goods by sea.

本文笔者通过对大陆法系、英美法系等多个国家的相关规定的考察，对这一问题进行了系统的研究，并且从国际贸易与国际海运相结合这个全新的视角来阐述海运货物所有权的转移，希望对国际贸易和国际海上货物运输理论和实践产生积极而有意义的指导作用。

The PCIJ and ICJ hold the idea that international organizations have necessary implied powers during their process of interpretation of the institutional instruments of international organizations'.

常设国际法院和国际法院在对国际组织章程解释的实践中，发展出了国际组织具有隐含权力这样的理论。

The human right practice of ICJ of UN, European Human Right Court,etc. have awakened the international awareness that it's not just a domestic matter of one nation of how to protect the human rights of its nationals.

在联合国国际法院、欧洲人权法院等国际人权机构的实践的推动下，国际社会认识到人权之保护不得仅被视为各国国内管辖之事项。

The infeasibility of investigating state's liability on the problem of international environmental damage has resulted in a more and more obvious tendency towards private law in the liability system of such damage.

随着国际民事活动的日益频繁和处理国际环境事故的法律和实践的不断发展，在国际环境损害问题上追究国家责任的不可行性逐渐显露出来，国际环境损害责任制度呈现出越来越明显的私法化趋势。

The doctrine and practice of the Council of Europe in the promotion and protection of has had profound influence on the international protection of human rights as follows: Regional approach is the effective way to enforce the UD ;The international institutions of human rights must upgrade the justiciability of human rights through their reformations; States ought to exercise their sovereignty actively in protecting human rights in regional mechanism . The consciousness of the subject of individual right is naturally required to be strengthened in the protection of human rights; The international institutions of human rights ought to improve their working efficiency.

内容提要欧洲理事会采取集体办法促进和保护人权的理论和实践对建立和完善国际人权保护制度产生了深远的影响：区域性人权保护办法是在区域层面上施行《世界人权宣言》的有效途径；国际人权机构应通过改革不断提高人权的可司法性；主权国家应在采取集体办法保护区域人权方面积极行使主权权利；人权国际保护内在地要求增强个人的权利主体意识；国际人权保护机构应不断提高其工作效率。

ProLaw is a software about automating the practice and manage the business of law which was developped by USA Thomson Elite. Thomson Elite is a leading provider of integrated practice of financial management solutions for professional services organizations wordwide.

ProLaw是美国Thomson Elite公司开发的一种法律实践和管理方面的软件，该公司为国际范围内的专业服务组织提供实践和财务综合管理方案，使法律方面的实践和管理自动化。

Based on international criminal law standard and in convention about international crime stipulation, international criminal trial practice, special theory characteristic of international crime constitution, international criminal law's aim of protection international society common interest as well as neomorph of international crime and so on international subject of crime connotation inspection.

基于国际刑法规范及惯例中关于国际犯罪的规定、国际刑事审判实践、国际犯罪构成理论特质、国际刑法保护国际社会共同利益的宗旨以及国际犯罪新形态等国际犯罪主体的内涵性考察，可以明确国际犯罪主体的外延应当包括个人、组织或团体、国家、国际组织，并可以概括出这四类国际犯罪主体的本质和认定特征。

There are many serious misleading in how to apply the principle of "fraud exception", whereas, it is necessary to make a legal research on the principle of "fraud exception" in light of former researches. The article consists of two parts. In the first part, the author put emphasis on the principle of abstract independence, the definition, the establishment and development of the principle of fraud exception, the analysis of the fraud, the theory, the prerequisite and the procedure of apply the principle of "fraud exception" in order to establish the general principle and necessary procedure. In the second part, the author analysis the existing backward conditions oflegislation and judicial practice in China, and courts" attitude to the judicial remedy for the principle of " fraud exception", further, the author puts forward some suggestions on how to make the legislation on the principle of "fraud exception" perfect, and how to apply the procedure of judicial remedy for the principle of "fraud exception". Lastly, the author hopes that these suggestions could benefit to the judicial practice and the future legislation on the principle of "fraud exception.

我国在加入世界贸易组织后，按照国际惯例和国际公约处理国际贸易中的纠纷己成为一种必然趋势，鉴于我国法院对如何准确适用信用证欺诈例外原则存在着严重误区，使得在先前学者研究的基础上再一次研究欺诈例外原则很有必要，本文分两个部分，第一部分对信用证独立抽象原则、信用证欺诈例外原则的定义、确立与发展、对例外原则下欺诈的分析、理论基础、适用条件以及程序等六方面展开论述，从而确立信用证欺诈例外原则的一般原则和必要的程序：第二部分主要分析我国司法实践中信用证欺诈例外原则司法救济的立法以及司法现状，及法院对欺诈例外原则的态度，从而对如何完善我国法院欺诈例外原则的法律依据以及如何正确适用欺诈例外原则的司法救济程序提出一些构思，希望为欺诈例外原则在我国的司法实践以及为以后的相应立法提供有益的参考。

During the stay in school, I have had certain understanding to bank business through the studying of relevant courses like Money and Banking and International Finance. Although my major is International Trade Practice, I still found that there is certain business relationship of trade and bank. So we got relevant knowlege of banking on classes. Furthermore, the social practics also provided me with opportunity to know banking and be familiar with banking business,and even increase the interests of working in banks.

在校期间，通过学习货币银行学和国际金融等相关课程，对银行业务有一定了解；虽然专业是国际贸易实务，但贸易是与银行有一定的业务联系，所以课堂上老师也对相关的银行知识进行了讲解和传授；而且，假期的实践活动也为我提供了从实践中了解银行、熟悉银行业务的机会，并使我对银行的工作产生浓厚的兴趣。

In international practice,the jus cogens of the state,where the contract is performed,is deemed to have close ties with contracts and can be invoked in arbitrations.

从国际实践来看，合同履行地国的强行法被认为是与合同的联系更为密切，从而能够在仲裁中得以适用。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。