国家的

The article holds that nationalism in the postcolonial Arab countries demands in state-building strong populism, radical deinstitutionalization, direct democracy and charismatic leadership, but finally is converted to authoritarian because of the unsustainability of these demands, which is both the logic result of self evolvement of nationalism and the inner request of social development of Arab countries.

文章认为，后殖民时代阿拉伯国家的民族主义在国家建构上主要表达了强烈的民粹主义、激进的"去制度化"行动、直接民主与"克里斯马"型统治的诉求倾向，以及因这些诉求难以长久为继而导向威权政治模式，这既是民族主义自身进化的逻辑结果，也是阿拉伯国家社会发展的内在要求。

Concerning the right and duties of an independent state it is commonly accepted that those are integral elements of a truly independent state, including:the right of a state to exercise jurisdiction over its territory and permanent population;to engage upon an act of self-defense in certain situations;not to intervene in the internal affairs of other sovereign states;not to enforce its laws in the territory of another state.

该宣言还包括任何援助或援助的暴力推翻一个国家的政府禁止旨在颠覆分子。关于权利和义务的独立国家是普遍认为，这些都是不可或缺的要素，一个真正独立的国家，其中包括：（1）一国有权行使其领土和管辖权的常住人口；从事经自决行动，在某些情况下国防；不干预其他主权国家的内政；不执行在另一国领土的法律。

When they are, it is easier to hold them, especially when they have not been accustomed to self-government; and to hold them securely it is enough to have destroyed the family of the prince who was ruling them; because the two peoples, preserving in other things the old conditions, and not being unlike in customs, will live quietly together, as one has seen in Brittany, Burgundy, Gascony, and Normandy, which have been bound to France for so long a time: and, although there may be some difference in language, nevertheless the customs are alike, and the people will easily be able to get on amongst themselves.

如果是同一地区的话，特别是如果那些国家的人们不是过惯了自由生活的话，那末保有这些国家是最容易的；而且只要灭绝过去统治他们的君主的血统，就能够牢固地保有这些国家了。由于在其他的事情上维持着他们的古老状态，而且在风俗习惯上没有什么不同之处，人们就会安然地生活下去。正如人们在布列塔尼、布尔戈尼、加斯科涅和诺曼底所看到的，这些地方已经长时期地归属于法国了；而且尽管语言有某些差异，可是习惯是相同的，因此它们很容易结合在一起。

Europe was split in a war between Catholic countries and Protestant countries: the Catholic side included Spain and Italy and most of France, while the Protestant opposition included many of the German states of the Holy Roman Empire, as well as the Netherlands, embroiled in a bloody battle for independence with its Spanish Hapsburg overlords.

欧洲是分裂的国家之间的战争天主教和新教国家：天主教方包括西班牙，意大利和法国的大部分，而新教反对包括德国的许多国家的神圣罗马帝国，以及荷兰，卷入血战的独立与西班牙哈布斯堡霸主。

The different explorations in police education, such as the enlargement of police training content and variety, the establishment of police training institution, especially the foundation of London police college in Hendon, are also the important part of police professionalism. The third chapter describes the process of changing of police administration in Britain from local to national.

第三章阐述英国警察在二战后由地方警察迈向国家警察的历程，警察国家化是英国二战后建设福利国家的一个重要组成部分，国家警察培训体系的建立、尤其是英国警察学院的建立不仅使英国警察能够培养自己的各种人才，而且也把全国警察有机地联系在一起，促进了警察国家化的进程。

Most European countries have their legends of the Hunnish leader, who is diversely depicted, according as the vanity of nations would represent Attila as a friend who had contributed to their greatness or as a foe to whose superhuman strength it had been no discredit to succumb.

多数欧洲国家都有各自关于匈奴领袖的传说，因民族虚荣心不同描述也各不相同，要么把阿堤拉描绘成对他们的国家的强大做出过贡献的朋友，要么描绘成拥有超凡的力量却不能使他们屈从而作出有损国家颜面的事的敌人。

First, it providechances for the developing countries to import the surplus capital, advanced technology,scientific management from the developed countries to solve the bottle-neck problems ofthe development of its society and economy so that they can quicken it.

全球化对于发展中国家的挑战主要在于：发达国家实力强大的垄断资本主义经济对发展中国家实力弱小的民族经济的巨大挑战；霸权主义和强权政治的膨胀对发展中国家主权的挑战。

It will be a free literature, because it will serve, not some satiated heroine, not the bored "upper ten thousand" suffering from fatty degeneration, but the millions and tens of millions of working people -- the flower of the country, its strengh and its future.

这将是自由的写作，因为它不是为饱食终日的贵妇人服务，不是为百无聊赖、胖得发愁的'一万个上层分子'服务，而是为千千万万劳动人民，为这些国家的精华、国家的力量、国家的未来服务。

Lt is enough that, as Wundt points out, the facts of experience establish a correspondence between physical and psychical, while the dissimilarity of the physical and the psychical precludes the possibility of one being the cause of the other.

经验，这是保持，告诉我们没有相当的灵魂的行为，对身体和采取行动，它告诉我们，但是，心理的国家，显然是由身体条件的国家，和各国的身体显然影响国家的心态。

Since the establishment of the Soviet Union, constitutional theory has tended to look suspiciously at the constitutionalization of Marxist Leninist state apparatus under the control of a single party in power.

自 前苏联成立以来，宪政理论始终试图以怀疑的目光审视一党专政之下的马克思列宁主义国家政权。当国家的最高权力被授予某一个机构，而这个机构受制于一种超越宪法的外力，并且这种外力意味着个人统治的面具，这时，这个国家的宪法被认为是不合法并且是虚伪的。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。