国家层次

According to the new vision of the committee, NEON should be focused on the six critical environmental challenges that the nation faces, including biodiversity, species composition and ecosystem functioning; ecological aspects of biogeochemical cycle, ecological implcations of climate change, ecology and evolution of infectious diseases, invasive species and land use and habitat alteration.

新的方案建议NEON应重点关注生物多样性、物种组成与生态系统功能、生物地球化学循环的生态学影响、气候变化的生态学内涵、传染病的生态学和演化、入侵种以及土地利用和栖息地的丧失这6个美国国家层次当前所面临的最严峻的环境挑战。

Generally speaking, there are two reasons as followed: 1, the incommensurability between paradigm confines the communication between different study objects.

分析原因大体有两个：1、即库恩所言的范式之间的不可通约性，限制了不同研究对象之间的理论难以沟通。2、研究层次的限制，广义信任研究的概念主要在单位层次中进行，即使在单位层次中也没有涉及国家层次的研究，研究层次之间的差异限制了广义信任研究进入国际关系领域。

So, establishing the evaluation and framework of Regional indigenous innovation capability and analyzing the relationship between the formal measurement and other regional development quality is becoming an important and practical task. A conceptual model of regional indigenous innovation capability is set up based on the all kinds of capability development theory from macro perspective and focusing on reform and open policy in China. Through the concrete evaluation of regional indigenous innovation capability, we propose the research hypothesis of relationship between regional economic development quality and regional indigenous innovation capability. In reference of new development theory, the measurable analysis model is set up to further multi-level demonstration and draws corresponding conclusion and policy.

本文在总结目前各种宏观层次上能力发展理论包括国家技术能力、国家创新能力、社会能力、国家吸收能力等的基础上，针对我国改革开放以来的发展实际，建立了我国各地区自主创新能力评价的概念模型，对各地区自主创新能力进行了具体评价，提出了其与地区经济增长质量关系的研究假设；在此基础上，参考新经济增长理论有关成果，建立了分析地区自主创新能力和经济增长质量关系的计量模型，并进行了多层次逐步推进以及考虑主解释变量内生性问题的实证研究，得到了相应的结论和政策启示。

We are gonna do many for cuts because we have to,but the only way you are gonna get a treaty that is passible in United States Senate,is going to have global participation,all countries will have to do something,we can define diffirent rates ,diffirent levels, diffirent layers ,but it's gotta be measurable,reportable,and verifiable,and in the end there is got to be real actions that other countries are taking,so that no one is feeling they are doing things,but some other countries out there undoing everything they are doing.

偶们会采取很多措施来减少气体排放量，因为偶们必须这样做。但是唯一能使该协议通过美国参议院的方法就是全球参与，所有的国家都采取行动。偶们可以定义不同的比率，不同的水平，不同的层次，但是必须是可测量，可报告，可证实的。最后，其他国家必须采取实际行动，这样才不会使有点国家认为他们采取了行动而有些国家却什么都没有做。

This paper analyzes the developmental trends of Southeast Asian countries' policies towards the South China Sea issue in post cold war period from three levels: conflicting countries in the South China Sea disputes; non-conflicting countries in the South China Sea disputes; ASEAN countries.

本文主要从南海争端方国家、非南海争端方国家、东盟3个层次分析了冷战后东南亚国家南海政策的发展动向。

The second is the variation of security mechanism.

冷战后时代，随着军事威胁的相对减轻和非军事性挑战的出现，国家安全观开始发生变化：一是安全内涵的综合化，国家安全已不局限于军事领域，相当程度上是军事领域之外的问题；二是安全机制多样化，随着冷战结束以及国际形势的发展，合作安全这一新的安全机制日益发展起来；三是安全威胁复杂化，各国或地区面临的直接外部威胁下降，对国家安全构成威胁的因素是多方位、多层次的。

Currently he is the executive dean of Graduate College of Zhejiang University of Technology. In his studies on heterogeneous catalysis, he was awarded the 2nd Prize of State Invention Award, 1st Prize of Science and Technology Progress Award of Zhejiang Province and the Ministry of Chemical Industry and Engineering, the Science and Technology Award and Scientific Innovation Award of Chinese Youth, and Excellent Scientific Worker of Zhejiang Province.

现任学校党委委员、研究生院常务副院长、浙江省工业催化重中之重学科带头人，兼任《高校化学工程学报》编委、浙江省青年科学技术协会副会长和浙江省青年博士协会副会长兼秘书长，入选国家百千万人才一二层次和浙江省"151"人才第一层次，浙江省有突出贡献的中青年科技专家和省高校中青年学科带头人。

The attribute of national defense with modern technology makes it possible and needful to delaminate the defense concept and the defense region and to link defense delamination and the nation stratagem together, so ...

现代技术条件下的国防所具有的这一属性，使我们有可能和必要对国防概念和国防区域进行层次划分，并把国家和军事战略与国防层次结合起来；在一定程度上把&投资收益&原则引入国防建设领域，从而提高现代技术条件下国防建设的效率和效益。

In the part of empirics, we respectively use industry- and regional- and aggregate-level data to estimate technology spillovers from trade.

在经验研究部分，分别运用我国产业、地区和国家层次的数据对进口贸易的技术溢出效应进行了多层次全面地实证检验。

In order to analyze the reason for a flawed Iraqi identity, this article delaminates the internal identity of Iraq to two levels——national and sub-national, further distinguishes familial identity, religional identity and ethnic identity on the sub-national level, and studies the relations between national and sub-national identities with looking back at the momentous events in Iraqi history, consequently finds the different influences that various of sub-national identities react on the formation of Iraqi national identity and how the discriminative internal policy intensified sub-national identities, and then builds a theoretical framework with two dimensions from upwards and downwards to explain the reason for unshaped Iraqi national identity.

为了分析伊拉克国家认同没有形成的原因，文章将伊拉克内部认同在国家和次国家两个层次上进行划分，并进一步区分了次国家认同中的家族部落、宗教派系、族群这三个认同类型，然后以国家认同和次国家认同的关系为切入点，研究了伊拉克历史上的几个重大事件，发现了各次国家认同对国家认同的形成具有不同程度的影响，其中族群认同对国家认同形成的破坏作用最大；与此同时，伊拉克前政府歧视性的内部政策强化了各次国家认同，是造成伊拉克国家认同没有形成的另一个原因，从而从上、下两个维度解释伊拉克国家认同未形成原因的理论架构。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。