国家主义的

You also had a great growth in bilateralism, that instead of trading on a multilateral basis- that is trading with anyone and buying from the cheapest source-you had a whole series of trade agreements where preferences were being given to particular countries.

同时"双边主义"大行其道，各国签订许多贸易协议，为某些特定国家提供贸易优惠，以此代替了在多边基础上进行的贸易，也就是同所有国家来往，购买最廉价产品的贸易

Thus the French bourgeoisie, for example, like all contemporary bourgeoisies of capitalist countries, has generally recognized itself in the political system of parliamentary representation, which has realized bourgeois ideology in a political ideological state apparatus -- even if it has produced other regimes in difficult situations of class struggle Bonapartism I and II, constitutional monarchy, Pétain's fascism.

举例来说，和所有同时代资本主义国家的资产阶级一样，法国资产阶级即使在阶级斗争处于危难之时产生了其它的政体（如波拿巴主义一世和二世，君主立宪政体以及贝当的法西斯主义），但它通常也是在议会代表型的政治制度中确认自身的，从而在政治的意识形态国家机器中实现资产阶级的意识形态。

The article holds that nationalism in the postcolonial Arab countries demands in state-building strong populism, radical deinstitutionalization, direct democracy and charismatic leadership, but finally is converted to authoritarian because of the unsustainability of these demands, which is both the logic result of self evolvement of nationalism and the inner request of social development of Arab countries.

文章认为，后殖民时代阿拉伯国家的民族主义在国家建构上主要表达了强烈的民粹主义、激进的"去制度化"行动、直接民主与"克里斯马"型统治的诉求倾向，以及因这些诉求难以长久为继而导向威权政治模式，这既是民族主义自身进化的逻辑结果，也是阿拉伯国家社会发展的内在要求。

The first part concerns mainly about the civil and international backgroud of omnidirectional diplomatism strategem The second part is from the point of view of concept,trait,content and comparison between transverse study and lenthways study to expatiate on the omnidirectional diplomatism strategem.

本文以马克思主义为指导，在学习和借鉴前辈研究成果的基础上，运用与其他国家及我国以往历史时期外交政策相比较以及多学科交叉等方法，试图从国家利益角度对全方位外交政策进行全面研究，以期对全方位外交政策有深刻的了解。

A tendency of nations to conduct their foreign affairs individualistically, characterized by

单边主义单独行使国外事务的国家倾向，特点是与其他国家最小限度的磋商和牵连，甚至是盟国

A tendency of nations to conduct their foreign affairs individualistically,characterized by minimal consultation and involvement with other nations,even their allies.

单边主义单独行使国外事务的国家倾向，特点是与其他国家最小限度的磋商和牵连，甚至是盟国

Unilateralism: a tendency of nations to conduct their foreign affairs individualistically, characterized by minimal consultation and involvement with other nations, even their allies.

单边主义：单独行使国外事务的国家倾向，特点是与其他国家最小限度的磋商和牵连，甚至是盟国。

This essay is a comparison of the international cooperation theories from the three main IR schools—neorealism, neoliberal institutionalism and constructionism,specifically,how they set their hypothesises and consequently define "national interest" and then deduce their explanations of international cooperation.

国际关系的三个主流学派——新现实主义、新自由制度主义和建构主义——基于对国际体系的不同假定而做出不同的国家利益界定，演绎出了不同的国际合作解释。

In this thesis, Wal-Mart's operations in US and China are studied with the help of western researchers'cultural models and theories, such as Hofstede's four dimensions, Trompenaars'universalism and particularism as well as with the help of some Chinese traditional values and ethics. The author compares how Wal-Mart is influenced by different cultural values and traditions.

本论文以沃尔玛在美国和中国两个不同文化背景的国家为例，利用西方学者霍夫斯特德的四个纬度文化模型、特姆彭纳斯的普遍主义和个别主义理论、以及中国传统的文化伦理，作者比较了沃尔玛在履行企业社会责任时，是怎样受不同的文化价值观影响的。

In the Bronze Age, China has established a national (Kuo Mo-jo in accordance with the Marxist view of history that is a slave state, arguments), with well-developed agriculture and handicrafts, and Chinese have also been developed.

在青铜时代，中国已经建立了国家（郭沫若按照马克思主义历史观认为是奴隶制国家，有争论），有了发达的农业和手工业，并且汉字也已经发展成熟。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。