国家主义的

Ethnocentrism, the so-called nationalism, is the common ethos of every nation and country in the world.

种族中心主义又称民族中心主义是世界上每个民族和国家普遍存在的心理意识。

This thesis uses Esping-Andersen's theory about the regimes of three welfare states (social democratic welfare state; state-corporatist welfare state; liberal welfare state) as well as Southern European welfare state regime to compare the policies regarding family/child allowance, tax credit, childcare and parental leave in Sweden, France, UK and Spain.

安得森(Esping-Andersen)传统的三个福利国家体制（瑞典的社会民主式、法国的国家组合主义式及英国的自由主义式）之架构，另外再加上南欧福利国家体制，以此四种不同的福利国家体制来分析瑞典、法国、英国及西班牙这四国对於单亲家庭在经济支持政策及儿童照顾政策这二方面的需求，所提出的相关社会福利措施及改革来进行研究探讨。

In addition, some countries of civil law system have adopted discovery of evidence, after their criminal litigation changing from inquisitorial proceedings to adversary procedure.

此外，一些大陆法系国家在刑事诉讼构造由职权主义转向当事人主义之后，也在立法上相应地设置了有关证据开示方面的内容。

The present thesis adopts Iseult Honohan's six basic elements of republicanism as a theoretical framework for the study of Jefferson's conception of republicanism, which is the theoretical basis of his conception of the ward system:(1) Jefferson's conception of virtue, characterized by his optimism about the universality of the moral sense and the people's capacity of self-government;(2) Jefferson's conception of freedom, characterized by his synthesis of both negative liberty and positive liberty;(3) Jefferson's criterion of the republican government and the scope of the republic, characterized by his synthesis of both participation and representation;(4) Jefferson's conception of the shaping of republican citizens, characterized by the synthesis of school education and active participation in public affairs;(5) Jefferson's conception of the material preconditions of the republic, characterized by his primary concern for the economic independence and political freedom of both the individual and the nation.

杰斐逊的共和主义思想是他的分区制度构想的理论基础。论文首先采用Iseult Honohan 的"共和主义基本要素"作为理论框架，从以下五个方面对杰斐逊的共和主义思想进行研究：(1)道德观，主要特点体现为对道德意识的普遍性和人民的自治能力持乐观态度；(2)自由观，主要特点体现为消极自由与积极自由相结合；(3)共和政府的标准以及共和国的范围，主要特点体现为人民直接参政与代议制相结合；(4)塑造共和公民，主要特点体现为学校教育与积极参与公共事务相结合；(5)共和国的经济基础，主要特点体现为对个人与国家的经济独立与政治自由的关注。

Alexander Wendt and Raymond Duvall," Institutions and International Order," in Ernst-Otto Czempiel and James N. Rosenau, eds., Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges : approaches to world politics for the 1990s (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1989), pp. 51-73; Maja Zehfuss, Constructivism in International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Karin M Fierke and Knud Erik Jorgensen, eds.

建构主义理论和英国的「国际社会取向」（ international society approach ）有许多类似之处，英国学派主要学者以 Hedley Bull 和 Martin Wight 两人最为著名，此派学者主张国家体系是深植於国际社会之中，这个社会包含了国家广为接受的各种价值、规范、和机构，因此可提供国家体系运作的基础。

The Opium War broughtChina the following results: Firstly, it made China lose its national sovereign and territorial integrity and turn itfrom an independent country to a semicolonial country.

鸦片战争的结果：一是使中国丧失国家主权和领土完整，由一个主权国家开始成为一个半殖民地国家；二是大量泛滥的鸦片烟掠走了中国巨额财富，毒害和降低了中国的国民素质，阻碍了近代中国历史的发展；三是破坏了农业和手工业结合的小生产经济结构，打破了中国经济发展的滞缓状态，刺激和促进了中国资本主义近代工业的发生和发展；四是惊醒了中国人，先进的中国人开始了漫长的学习西方资本主义的过程，最后才找到马克思主义，并使之与中国社会实际结合起来，走上国家独立和社会主义道路。

Anyone who wishes to join his gang can please himself;but wouldn't that turn out to be an added embarrassment when talking big about bourgeois dictatorship, capitalist society, Kemalism, a modern state, a one-party dictatorship," one doctrine", and so on and so forth?

谁要加进他那一伙去，那是行的，但是什么资产阶级专政呀，资本主义社会呀，基马尔主义呀，现代国家呀，一党专政呀，一个主义呀，等等花腔，岂非更加不好意思唱了吗？

To solve the problems of right remedies and safeguarding the procedural rights in civil proceedings in the event of the absence of one party, western countries has developed the mode of system of trial by default represented through two typical modes of doctrine of trial by default and doctrine of ex parte debate.

为解决民事诉讼中一方当事人缺席时的权利救济和程序权利保障问题，西方国家形成了缺席判决主义与一方辩论主义两种代表性的缺席审判制度模式。

When the Soviet Union dissolved, he was out, Boris Yeltsin became Russia's president, he supported a corporatist state and adopted Chicago School fundamentalist "shock therapy" masquerading as "reform." Its former apparatchiks cashed in big along with a new class of "nouveaux billionaires"(called "the oligarchs") who strip-mined the country's wealth and shipped it to offshore tax havens.

当苏联解散了，他被列，叶利钦成为俄罗斯联邦的总统，他支持一个社团主义国家，并通过了芝加哥学派原教旨主义&震荡疗法&伪装为&改革&，其前apparatchiks套现大，随着新一类& nouveaux亿万富翁&，条带开采该国的财富，并运到境外避税。

When the Soviet Union dissolved, he was out, Boris Yeltsin became Russia's president, he supported a corporatist state and adopted Chicago School fundamentalist "shock therapy" masquerading as "reform." Its former apparatchiks cashed in big along with a new class of "nouveaux billionaires"(called "the oligarchs") who strip-mined the country's wealth and shipped it to offshore tax havens.

当苏联解散了，他被列，叶利钦成为俄罗斯联邦的总统，他支持一个社团主义国家，并通过了芝加哥学派原教旨主义&震荡疗法&伪装为&改革&，其前apparatchiks套现大，随著新一类& nouveaux亿万富翁&，条带开采该国的财富，并运到境外避税。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。