国家主义的

China began to use the advanced elements of the proletarian world outlook as a tool to observe the fate of the country. Li Dazhao in November 1918 issued a "victory for common people","the victory of Bolshevism," such as text, on behalf of China's advanced elements of the new awakening.

中国的先进分子开始用无产阶级的宇宙观作为观察国家命运的工具。1918年11月李大钊发表的《庶民的胜利》、《布尔什维主义的胜利》等文，代表了中国先进分子的新觉醒。

As the wisdom crystal of the second Party's leading group, the policy not only conforms to the objective facts, but also meets the needs of the Party and the people. Through the analysis on the cadre's four transformations insisted by the third leading group with the core of Comrade Jiang Zeming, it shows that, in the new historic period, according to the principle of the four transformations to bring about the cadres more revolutionary, younger, more professional as well as the principle of being red and expert, to make the leading groups of different ranks a strong leading organization loyal to the Marxism, sticking to the socialist road with Chinese features, is the basic policy to guarantee the continuousness of the Party's route and the country's safely for long.

这是党的第二代领导集体智慧的结晶，它既符合客观实际，又大得党心民心；通过对以江泽民同志为核心的第三代领导集体坚持干部"四化"方针历程的分析，说明在新的历史时期，按照干部队伍革命化、年轻化、专业化的方针和德才兼备的原则，把各级领导班子建设成为忠于马克思主义，坚持走有中国特色社会主义道路的坚强领导集体，是保证党的路线的连续性和国家长治久安的根本大计。

Berlin's espousal of negative liberty, his hatred of totalitarianism and his experience of Russia in the revolution and through his contact with the poet Anna Akhmatova made him an enemy of the Soviet Union and he was one of the leading public intellectuals in the ideological battle against Communism during the Cold War.

柏林对被动的自由的支持，对国家整体主义的憎恨，以及对俄国变革时期和他自始自终与诗人安娜·阿赫玛托娃联系的经历，使他成为了苏维埃联盟的敌人，同时柏林也是冷战期间在观念体系上对抗共产主义的公共知识分子的领军人物之一。

The article summarizes the main character-istic skills for four aspects which has been shown in the Chinese government's cognition and practice about the legal system so far: the rationalism construction thought,the nationalism color, the operation pattern of "legis-lation centre-administration cooperation" and the simplism style,which have shaped an closed nature of con-structing legal system at present in an aggregation sense.

文章将迄今为止中国政府在法律体系认识和实践上的主要技术特征概括为四个方面，即理性主义的建构思路、国家主义色彩、立法中心一行政配合的运作模式，以及简约主义的风格，认为这些特征在集合意义上铸就了当下中国在法律体系建设上的某种封闭性质；主张就此进行深入反思，并从转型中国社会法治秩序形成的原理和要求出发，树立一种关于中国特色法律体系构建的开放性思考，作出相应的制度安排。

The article summarizes the main character-istic skills for four aspects which has been shown in the Chinese government's cognition and practice about the legal system so far: the rationalism construction thought, the nationalism color, the operation pattern of "legis-lation centre-administration cooperation" and the simplism style,which have shaped an closed nature of con-structing legal system at present in an aggregation sense.

文章将迄今为止中国政府在法律体系认识和实践上的主要技术特征概括为四个方面，即理性主义的建构思路、国家主义色彩、立法中心-行政配合的运作模式，以及简约主义的风格，认为这些特征在集合意义上铸就了当下中国在法律体系建设上的某种封闭性质；主张就此进行深入反思，并从转型中国社会法治秩序形成的原理和要求出发，树立一种关于中国特色法律体系构建的开放性思考，作出相应的制度安排。

The famous hypothesis of 'economic being' of western economics is based on contradictions between egoism and altruism, between individualism and entirety; contemporary western economic ethical thought is also represented by conflicts among utilitarianism, non-utilitarianism and the like, the conflict of unrestraint and state interf...

西方经济学著名的经济人假设，其立论基础存在着"利己"与"利他"、"个人主义"和"整体主义"的矛盾；西方经济伦理思想在当代还表现为功利主义与非功利主义的诸正义形式伦理的矛盾、自由放任与国家干预的矛盾、经济公正与政治公正的矛盾，正是在这些矛盾的展开中体现了当代西方经济伦理思想的发展与变化。

On the one hand, the English School inherits most of Grotianist stands, especially his rationalist thinking methods and his rationalist concepts of international society. On the other hand,the English School has discarded Grotian ways of determining regulations of international society on universal principles of national law. They insist instead on a set of international regulations agreed on by all states as basis to determine the regulations of international society.

一方面，英国学派继承了格劳秀斯主义的大部分主张，特别是其理性主义的思想方法和国际社会概念；另一方面，英国学派摒弃了格劳秀斯基于普遍的自然法原则来确定国际社会规则的做法，坚持根据源自国家同意的国际法的一套规则作为确定国际社会规则的依据。

This thesis adopts the research method of nuncupation rather than single literature and historical data research. It makes comprehensive use of all kinds of literature and nuncupation materials to introduce modern Shantou Shude Feminine School"s establishment and development process, and analyze Shude Feminine School"s management characteristics, educational patterns as well as school"s influence on students, discussing why Shude such a mission feminine school can calmly face the fierce strike from Chinese nationalism"s trend of thought in 1920s and choose a development way which is different from the one of other mission schools that they developed naturally and died out naturally eventually. Besides, it also discusses how to treat Shude Feminine Schools special fate and historical diversity from the angles of gender and region.

本论文突破了单纯的文献史料研究，采取口述的研究方法，综合运用各种文献和口述资料介绍近代汕头淑德女校的创建和发展历程，分析淑德女校的办学特点、教育模式，以及学校对学生的影响，讨论淑德这一所教会女校在20世纪20年代中国民族主义和国家主义思潮的猛烈激荡和冲击中，为何能够淡漠应对，并选择了一条与其他的教会学校不同的自然发展到最后自然消亡的道路，如何从性别和地域视角看待淑德女校的特殊命运以及历史的丰富多样性。

Humanism is an important and internal characteristics of Economic Law, the generation of Humanism of Economic Law aims to overcome and recorrect the negative effect of modernity and change the legal view from taking goods and money as the dominant factor to Humanism, and in the basic frame of Market Failure and Government Internvention to regulate and coordinate the unharmonious interests relationship caused by modernity and the will of capital between social superior groups and inferior groups.

本文从生成逻辑上，把经济法人本主义定位于在&市场失灵——国家干预&的基本框架内，对现代性下人为物所异化导致的人的分化的社会整合。为此，首先，本章分析了现代性的悖论和对人的异化。在某种意义上，现代性是人类社会在现代化过程中无从回避的必然选择，但对作为现代性本质的理性的人为分裂，形成工具理性对价值理性的霸权和压抑，过度张扬资本意志，则不可避免地会导致人为物所异化及人的分化。

In this controversy, the faction of autarchy went to the opposite of the standpoint of liberalism and expressed their adoration to the authoritarianism. This was because they did not finish the mission of the enlightenment and did not overstep traditional culture. For the faction of democracy, they stuck to the position of the liberalism but lapsed from the principle of the value of the liberalism to some extent. This was mainly because they were wildered between instrumental rationality and value rationality of the liberalism and had defects at value rationality. And for the third faction, the faction of Revised Democratic Politics, they tried to seek balance of power and liberty, but finally, they leaned to the power and the liberty would probably dissolve. This was because they had excessive confidence in nous construction and earnestly hoped that we had a powerful and prosperous country.

在论战中独裁派完全走向了自由主义价值立场的对立面，表现出对权威主义的崇拜，这主要是基于独裁论者未完成启蒙的历史使命和对传统的超越；民治派虽然坚持自由主义的立场，但他们在一定程度上背离了自由主义的价值原则，这主要是基于民治派迷失于自由主义的工具理性与价值理性之间，在价值理性上有阙失；第三派，即&修正的民主政治&派，试图在权力与自由之间求得平衡，但最终还是偏向于权力，自由有消解的危险，这主要是基于该派对于理性建构的过度自信和对国家强盛的热切。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。