国家

Through discussing the transformation of the system of lawyers during the generation and development of it, and analyzing the phenomena of practicing alienation which have emerged from the Chinese lawyering under Chinese system of lawyers in force, and combining the relevant internal and external theories, we hope to demonstrate some opinions.The first, the external conditions which included the considerable authoritative position of the law and the widespread acceptance by civilian under the rule-by-law situation of the west as England, U-S-A, France and Germany, and the internal conditions which included the great professional practical skills and the improvement of the autonomous and self-governing systems, had formed a great solid base for the establishment and development of the system of lawyers of the West.

拙文通过对律师制度的产生与发展过程中的制度演变的讨论，通过对中国现行律师制度之下中国律师业出现的执业异化的现象的剖析，从政治国家与市民社会的理论模型入手，结合国内外有关的理论探讨，力图说明以下观点：首先，已建立了律师制度的英、美、法、德等西方国家的高度法治状态下法律具有的至高无上的权威地位和民众对律师职业的内在认同等外部条件，以及律师具有的高度专业化的服务技能与他人无法取代的业务素养和律师业自治自律的机制的不断强化等内在条件，为这些西方国家的律师制度奠定了非常坚实的构建和发展的基础。

The bottom ten countries are all African countries, with Sierra Leone at the bottom of list.

最底层的十个国家都是非洲国家，西非的塞拉利昂是最后的国家。

How old and how old contribution should be made to the country after saying to do his, saying high-sounding, sound very great, you want the thing that do only, parents of not let sb down is enough, accomplish this, go wanting how to answer a newspaper office to meet again, redound country, make contribution to the country.

不要说做自己以后要对国家做多大多大的贡献，说的冠冕堂皇，听起来很伟大，你只要做的事，对得起父母就够了，做到这一点，再去想怎么回报社会，回报国家，给国家做贡献。

These research assessment systems are different and of various characteristics, but they are based on their own national conditions and have the aid of other nations'experience in the process of development, from which we can benefit in establishing the national magisterial research assessment system of our own.

这些国家和地区的科研评价制度各不相同、各具特点，但都是依据本国国情并借鉴其它国家经验的基础上形成的，对我国构建自己的国家科研评价制度有一定的借鉴意义。

Alexander Wendt and Raymond Duvall," Institutions and International Order," in Ernst-Otto Czempiel and James N. Rosenau, eds., Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges : approaches to world politics for the 1990s (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1989), pp. 51-73; Maja Zehfuss, Constructivism in International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Karin M Fierke and Knud Erik Jorgensen, eds.

建构主义理论和英国的「国际社会取向」（ international society approach ）有许多类似之处，英国学派主要学者以 Hedley Bull 和 Martin Wight 两人最为著名，此派学者主张国家体系是深植於国际社会之中，这个社会包含了国家广为接受的各种价值、规范、和机构，因此可提供国家体系运作的基础。

The segmentation results of SAR images by traditional transform domain Hidden Markov Tree Model are unsatisfactory in homogenous regions and exact edges.

基金项目：国家高技术研究发展计划（863计划），国家重点基础研究发展计划（973计划），国家自然科学基金项目（面上项目，重点项目，重大项目

So, establishing the evaluation and framework of Regional indigenous innovation capability and analyzing the relationship between the formal measurement and other regional development quality is becoming an important and practical task. A conceptual model of regional indigenous innovation capability is set up based on the all kinds of capability development theory from macro perspective and focusing on reform and open policy in China. Through the concrete evaluation of regional indigenous innovation capability, we propose the research hypothesis of relationship between regional economic development quality and regional indigenous innovation capability. In reference of new development theory, the measurable analysis model is set up to further multi-level demonstration and draws corresponding conclusion and policy.

本文在总结目前各种宏观层次上能力发展理论包括国家技术能力、国家创新能力、社会能力、国家吸收能力等的基础上，针对我国改革开放以来的发展实际，建立了我国各地区自主创新能力评价的概念模型，对各地区自主创新能力进行了具体评价，提出了其与地区经济增长质量关系的研究假设；在此基础上，参考新经济增长理论有关成果，建立了分析地区自主创新能力和经济增长质量关系的计量模型，并进行了多层次逐步推进以及考虑主解释变量内生性问题的实证研究，得到了相应的结论和政策启示。

To cherish peace and friendly intercourse with all nations having correspondent dispositions; to maintain sincere neutrality toward belligerent nations; to prefer in all cases amicable discussion and reasonable accommodation of differences to a decision of them by an appeal to arms; to exclude foreign intrigues and foreign partialities, so degrading to all countries and so baneful to free ones; to foster a spirit of independence too just to invade the rights of others, too proud to surrender our own, too liberal to indulge unworthy prejudices ourselves and too elevated not to look down upon them in others; to hold the union of the States as the basis of their peace and happiness; to support the Constitution, which is the cement of the Union, as well in its limitations as in its authorities; to respect the rights and authorities reserved to the States and to the people as equally incorporated with and essential to the success of the general system; to avoid the slightest interference with the right of conscience or the functions of religion, so wisely exempted from civil jurisdiction; to preserve in their full energy the other salutary provisions in behalf of private and personal rights, and of the freedom of the press; to observe economy in public expenditures; to liberate the public resources by an honorable discharge of the public debts; to keep within the requisite limits a standing military force, always remembering that an armed and trained militia is the firmest bulwark of republics——that without standing armies their liberty can never be in danger, nor with large ones safe; to promote by authorized means improvements friendly to agriculture, to manufactures, and to external as well as internal commerce; to favor in like manner the advancement of science and the diffusion of information as the best aliment to true liberty; to carry on the benevolent plans which have been so meritoriously applied to the conversion of our aboriginal neighbors from the degradation and wretchedness of savage life to a participation of the improvements of which the human mind and manners are susceptible in a civilized state——as far as sentiments and intentions such as these can aid the fulfillment of my duty, they will be a resource which can not fail me.

我认为应珍视与所有志同道合的国家的和平相处和友好往来；对所有交战国则保持真诚的中立；在任何情况下，对分歧都应采取友善的协商和理智的调停，而不能诉诸武力加以解决；来自国外的种种阴谋诡计和对外国的偏袒不公，对任何国家来说都是卑下可鄙的，对自由国家则更是危害非浅，故应予以摒弃；要培育一种独立的精神，这种精神非常公正而不会侵犯他人的权利，非常自尊而不会放弃我们自己的权利，非常开明而不耽溺于我们自己毫无价值的偏见，非常高尚而必然鄙弃他人抱有的偏见；要把各州的团结作为我们和平与幸福的基础；要拥护作为联邦凝聚剂的宪法，不仅维护它的权威，而且遵从它的限制；要尊重保留给各州和保留给人民的各项权利和权力，这对整个制度的成功同样休戚相关和不可或缺；信仰的权利和总价的功能已然明智地排除在民事管辖的范围之外，故应避免加以丝毫的干涉；要维护旨在保障私人权利、人身权利和出版自由的其他有益规定的全部活力；政府开支要厉行节约；要通过光荣地清偿公债以调动公共资源；要把常备军事力量控制在必要的限度以内，应时刻牢记，一支训练有素的武装民兵便是所有共和国最坚强的堡垒，没有常备军，他们的自由决不至于陷入危险的境地，而庞大的武装则未必意味着安全；要采用合法的手段推动有利于农业制造业和国内外贸易的各项改进措施；要以同样方式支持科学的进步和知识的传播，此乃真正自由的最佳养份；要继续执行慈善计划，这些计划一直都在值得称道地实施，以改造我们的土著邻居，使他们摆脱野蛮生活的堕落和不幸，得以分享文明状态下人们在心灵和举止上所惯有的各种改善成果。以上种种想法和打算，只要有助于我完成使命，便是不会令我失望的一个源泉。

And they have to carefully select the chief executive officer (minister without portfolio responsible for gender/women's affairs) to make sure that she has expertise, global perspective, managerial skills, political influence and commitment to feminist ideals.

二次战后，在联合国、欧盟、世界银行、APEC等国际组织和亚洲协会、福特基金会等美国援外机构大力促导之下，性别平等一直是国际社会关注的议题之一，并且随著国际政经情势的变化，以不同的语言，结合不同的策略，由外往内，给予各国政府压力和诱因，将性别平等建制化；同时也提供资金及论述，刺激和引导了在地妇女运动的发展。1946年联合国妇女地位委员会成立之后，以联合国为主的国际组织曾先后以提升妇女地位或促进性别平等为目标，要求各国政府设立妇女地位委员会(commission on the status of women)、发展妇女参与国家发展方案、设置妇女政策机制(women's policy machinery)或性别平等机制，均广为各国政府遵从，2004年165个国家都因而设有某种提倡两性平等的政府机制，1995年北京世界妇女大会提出性别主流化做为全球性策略之后，十余年间也蔚为国际风潮，甚至成为国家进步的指标。

He has presided over 20 years of stability and uninterrupted economic growth, an immense achievement for a country emerging from years of misrule in the 1980s.

对于这个在20世纪80年代才摆脱暴政统治的国家来说，在他统治的20几年里，国家稳定、经济持续增长，国家取得了巨大成就。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。