固体

Therefrom; heating said waste edible oil from which solid materials have been removed to a predetermined temperature, thereby removing moisture and materials of odor contained in the waste edible oil therefrom by evaporation; dissolving in alcohol a catalyst containing at least one type or more types of alkaline material selected from a group comprised of at least potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate and potassium alcoholate, thereby preparing an alcoholic solution containing the catalyst; mixing said waste edible oil from which said solid materials, moisture and materials of odor have been removed with said alcoholic solution containing the catalyst and stirring the waste edible oil and alcoholic solution, thereby accelerating a catalytic reaction between the waste edible oil and the alcohol and obtaining a reaction product between the waste edible oil and the alcohol; separating said reaction product into a light solution and a heavy solution; mixing the light solution obtained in the separation step with a solid absorbent, thereby impurities such as residual catalyst, odor material, moisture contained in the light solution being absorbed by the solid absorbent; and separating and removing said solid absorbent from a mixture of the solid absorbent having absorbed the impurities and the light solution.

完成前述对象，根据这项发明的特点是获得的柴油燃油从废油脂透过几个步骤：去除固体材料包含在一个废油脂倾倒，从餐厅，食品厂，民政等因此；暖气说，废油脂从哪个固体材料已被调离到一个预定的温度，从而消除了水分和材料的气味，载于废油脂因此由蒸发；溶解在酒精的催化剂至少含有一种或更多类型的碱性材料选定由一组组成的至少氢氧化钾，碳酸钾和钾，醇，从而准备一醇溶液中含有催化剂；混合说，废油脂从哪个说，固体材料，含水率和材料的气味已被剔除与说，酒精性解决方案载有催化剂和搅拌废物食用油及含酒精的解决办法，从而加速催化反应之间的废油脂及酒精和获得反应产物之间的废油脂及酒精；分开说，反应产物成为一个轻型的解决方案和沉重的解决方案；混合轻解决方案，获得了在分离一步一个坚实的吸水性，从而杂质，如残留的催化剂，气味的物质，水分，载于轻解决方案，被吸收的固体吸收剂；分离和消除说，固体吸附剂从混合物对固体吸收剂吸收了杂质和轻便的解决办法。

As the pyrolysis technology for MSW, comparing with incineration, has a higher WTE and lower second-step pollution, it has been considered a more advantages MSW deposal technology than incineration. However, it is only in its preliminary step. Till now, there is quite limit successful practical pyrolysis technology applying on MSW and deficient of relative fundamental research on them. So to do some fundamental research about this is both very important and very necessary.

由于固体废弃物热解技术具有比焚烧法更高的能源利用率和较低的二次污染，因此被认为是比焚烧技术更先进的废弃物处理技术，当然，固体废弃物热解技术发展目前还处在起步阶段，迄今为止，已成功应用于处理城市固体废弃物的热解技术还非常有限，与之相关的很多基础研究还很缺乏，因此对固体废弃物热解技术的有关基础研究是十分重要和必要的。

Sixth, the protection of residential areas during construction and the use of solid waste collection sector is the quality of the environment without damage; through the separation and collection of urban solid waste treatment system optimization provide conditions; district to carry out the cycle of food waste treatment use, carry out garbage Resource Recycling, diversion of municipal solid waste treatment system pressure; to encourage the district improve solid waste management and collection facilities, optimizing the living environment.

第六，保护住宅区在建造和使用固体废物收集部门是环境质量无损害；通过分类收集的城市固体废物处理系统优化提供了条件；区进行循环的食物废物处理利用，开展垃圾资源回收，挪用的都市固体废物处理系统的压力；鼓励区提高固体废物管理和收集设施，优化生活环境。

The major content of this course includes: calculation, measurement and control of solid surface composition, the structure of solid surface, electronic potential, energy band structure and surface energy state of solid, the action between gas and solid surface, chemistry behaviors of molecular on solid surface (chemisorption and catalysis of solid surface), activation and passivation of solid surface, fundamental principle and application of photo and electricity surface reaction, design of solid surface functional materials, and etc.

基本内容包括：固体表面组成计算、测定与调控，固体表面结构表示方法、测定与控制，固体表面电子势和表面态、固体表面能带结构以及固体能带的测定，固体表面的功能、气体-固体表面间的作用以及气体-固体表面作用的研究方法，分子在固体表面上的化学行为(化学吸附和固体表面催化作用)，固体表面的活化与钝化，光电表面化学反应基本原理及应用，固体表面功能材料的设计等领域。

Pressure characteristics and condition of cavitation incipience were analyzed.

在沿固体表面法线方向减速运动阶段，由于液体离开固体表面的惯性使得液体与固壁面间产生低压，当固体表面运动加速度超过某个临界值时，液体因压力低于空化临界压力而发生空化，空化与固体表面结构及液体流动特性有关。

The ammonia was evaporated under decreasing pressure, and the precipitate was filtered off and the liquid was poured into hot saturated picric acid solution to get picrate with a yield of 85.0%. The optimum process starting from imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid was: imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid in acetic anhydride was refluxed to get imidazole-4-carboxylic acid, and the product was esterification in ethanol with a catalyzer of concentrated sulfuric acid to get ethyl imidazole-4-carboxylate, at last the compound above was reduced by LiAlH4 in ether at room temperature to get the target compound, the total yield of this route was 49.6%.

以4，5-二羧酸咪唑为原料的较佳工艺：1 脱羧反应：4，5-二羧酸咪唑40g，醋酐1200ml，回流10h，过滤并将滤液浓缩至干，所得固体加至50%的乙醇溶液回流，过滤并将滤液自然冷却过夜，过滤得固体；2 酯化反应：4(5)-羧酸咪唑50g，乙醇1000ml和浓硫酸60ml，加热回流2h，5%浓度NaOH溶液调节至pH＝8，减压浓缩至干，加入少量水回流，自然冷却过夜并过滤得固体；3 还原反应：LiAlH410g，乙醚300ml和4(5)-羧酸咪唑乙酯28g，常温反应1.5h，小心滴加25ml水后过滤，滤渣溶于300ml甲醇中并过滤，收集所得乙醚和甲醇滤液浓缩至干，将所得固体溶于300ml乙醇中加热回流，后将溶液浓缩至约30ml，冷却并过滤得固体，该路线总收率为49.6%。

As the addition of dry time, solid content shows the downtrend of little scope, dry time is negligible to the influence of solid content not plan; as dry temperature elevatory, the solid content of adhesive is shown substantially downtrend, temperature is more apparent to the influence of solid content, but in 115 ℃- between 125 ℃, the change of solid content is very little, the influence is negligible not plan.

随着干燥时间的增加，固体含量呈小幅度的下降趋向，干燥时间对固体含量的影响可以忽略不计；随着干燥温度的升高，胶粘剂的固体含量呈大幅度的下降趋向，温度对固体含量的影响比较明显，但是在115℃-125℃之间，固体含量的变化很小，影响可以忽略不计。

Database of physical and chemical properties for solid wastes were constructed through investigation for single typical component and their mixture of solid wastes. The particulate trajectory model and heat transfer model were developed, based on the studies of Characteristics of solid wastes movement and heat mass transfer in rotary kiln. Pyrolysis experiments of solid wastes in lab and pilot scale rotary kiln pyrolyzers were performed. Mechanism of pyrolysis for typical solid wastes was analyzed. The characteristics of pyrolytic products, such as physical and chemical properties, composition and combustibility, etc, were investigated. A neural network model for the prediction of yields and properties of pyrolysis products was developed. Then, the potential applications of pyrolytic products and the substitution of pyrolytic fuels for corresponding commercial furls were investigated. The optimization of energy recovery and utilization for different wastes through pyrolysis was analyzed.

通过对典型固体废物组分及其混合物特性的分析，建立了固体废物的化学特性分析数据库，并据此进行了物理分类；对固体废物在回转窑内的运动和传热特性进行了研究，建立了固体物料的随机颗粒滚动理论模型和传热模型；在小型和中试回转式热解炉上进行了实验；对各种典型固体废物在回转窑内的热解机理和主要热解产物的性质进行了研究；利用神经网络等方法建立了各典型固体废物的热解产物的产率及特性的数学预测模型；对固体废物热解产物的物性、成分、燃烧特性等开展了研究，分析了其与现有商业燃料匹配的可能性；对热解产物的多种应用性能进行了研究，对不同废物热解中的能源回收和利用进行了优化分析。

The preparative technique of solid lubricant is cold-press sintering method.The micro-structure , friction surface, lubricant transfer film surface of base material was characterized by SEM; XRD was used to do phase analysis. The degrees of crystallinity of pure PTFE under the different conditions of water cooling, air cooling and furnace-varying cooling were made comparison by XRD. The thermal stability of pure PTFE and solid lubricant was analyzed by DSC-TG; The composition and valence state of elements in the surface of carbon fiber ,solid lubricant before and after friction test and lubricant transfer film were characterized by XPS; The frictional property of solid lubricant was tested by pin and disk test rig .

用SEM表征原料微观结构、摩擦表面及润滑转移膜表面形貌：用XRD进行原料物相分析，及比较水冷却、空气冷却、随炉冷却三种工艺条件下的纯聚四氟乙烯树脂的结晶度；用DSC-TG分析纯聚四氟乙烯树脂及固体润滑剂的热稳定性；用XPS表征碳纤维表面、固体润滑剂摩擦前后表面、润滑转移膜表面的元素组成、价态变化；用销盘式摩擦磨损试验机对固体润滑剂进行摩擦性能测试；采用专用的台架模拟试验机对固体润滑剂镶嵌轴承套与钢轴摩擦副间的摩擦磨损性能进行测定；用莱次偏光显微镜测试固体润滑剂的硬度；用材料试验机测试固体润滑剂的抗压强度等。

In-situ monitoring gave the following results: 1 a tension stress zone occurred at the bottom of reinforced rock mass which indicated that the role of rock bolting was remarkable; 2 stress concentration at surrounding rock of main shaft was gradually transferred from shaft wall to complete rock mass far from shaft center; 3 vertical displacement was gradually smaller from up to bottom and from center to outside of the reinforced loose rock mass.

首先，建立了主溜井三维有限元计算模型，模拟了主溜井围岩的塌落破坏过程和加固后的加固体的稳定性及变形特性；同时，还采用多点位移计等对加固体的稳定性进行了实地监测。计算结果表明：网棚锚注加固体的纵剖面上的压力和位移规律是①加固体下部局部出现拉应力区，表明锚杆的使用是合理的；②加固体内的应力由塌落中心向周围围岩过渡，应力越来越大，最终将荷载传至围岩中；③从下到上下沉逐渐减小；④从加固体中心到周围下沉位移逐渐减小，且近似一条抛物线。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。