因果

He opposes the medical model of "treating""mental illnesses" and reductionistic depersonalizing theories and methods that over-emphasize bottom-up, biogenetic causation, and neglect top-down, psychological causation.

他反对&治疗&&心理疾病&的医疗模式和还原论的去人格化理论与方法，即过分强调自下而上，生物因果关系，忽略了由上而下的，心理的因果关系。

In France, Belgium, England, Scotland and Netherland, it is the tortious liability.

介入性因果关系是信用权侵害行为承担责任的因果关系特点。

In the process of establishing the theory of international relations, different analytical methods are based on different perspectives and assumptions of research scholars, and different value orientations result in different choice of causalities.

国际关系理论；理论假设；价值判断；因果关系；在建构国际关系理论的过程中，研究者的视角和假设差异决定了他们采取不同的分析方法；而不同的价值取向更使得他们对因果关系有不同的选择。

This course explores the history and debates over codifying the laws of probability, how probability theory applies to specific cognitive processes, how it relates to the human understanding of causality, and how new computational approaches to causal modeling provide a framework for understanding human probabilistic reasoning.

本课程探索关于概率法则形成的历史和争论，概率理论如何运用于具体的认知过程，它与人类对因果的理解有着怎样的关系，以及新的关于因果模型计算方法怎样为理解人类的概率推理过程提供了一个框架。

This course explores the history and debates over codifying the laws of probability, how probability theory applies to specific cognitive processes, how it relates to the human understanding of causality, and how new computational approaches to causal modeling provide a framework for understanding human probabilistic reasoning.

本课程探索关於机率法则形成的历史和争论，机率理论如何运用於具体的认知过程，它与人类对因果的理解有著怎样的关系，以及新的关於因果模型计算方法怎样为理解人类的机率推理过程提供架构。

This course explores the history and debates over codifying the laws of probability, how probability theory applies to specific cognitive processes, how it relates to the human understanding of causality, and how new computational approaches to causal modeling provide a framework for understanding human probabilistic reasoning.

本课程探索关于概率法则形成的历史和争论，概率理论如何运用于具体的认知过程，它与人类对因果的理解有着怎样的关系，以及新的关于因果模型计算方法怎样为理解人类的概率推理过程提供了框架。

This course explores the history and debates over codifying the laws of probability, how probability theory applies to specific cognitive processes, how it relates to the human understanding of causality, and how new computational approaches to causal modeling provide a framework for understanding human probabilistic reasoning.

本课程探索关於机率法则形成的历史和争论，机率理论如何运用於具体的认知过程，它与人类对因果的理解有著怎样的关系，以及新的关於因果模型计算方法怎样为理解人类的机率推理过程提供了一个架构。

After expatiating on the special features of macro aggregate movement, we predict theoretically that money and price are mutual Granger causes, and their combination will move as helixes, loops and apices, which are empirically proved respectively.

在这个制度背景下，第7章进一步考虑我国货币和商品市场的调整时滞，利用微分方程组和相图两个工具建立了我国货币总量和价格水平的动态系统理论模型，并用戈兰杰因果检验方法检验了二者的因果关系。

Using maximal ancestral graph models, this paper characterizes the independencies and causal structure of the observed variables and provides an algorithm for causal inference using observational data.

作者利用在观测变量上构造的最大祖先图模型刻画观测变量间的独立性关系和因果结构，并提出了具体的实现算法，从而可由观测数据来推断这类不完全观测下的部分因果关系。

The Granger causality test indicates herding and price volatility are related, implying herding is not able to make market more efficient. Transaction volume Granger casues herding, reconfirming that investors are sensitive to price changes in the markets.

最后，从不动产价格波动与从众行为之因果检定，指出从众行为无法促进不动产市场之效率，但从市场交易量与从众行为之因果检定，可确认不动产市场投资者有追随群体之现象。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。