因果

Mr Leamer, an economist at the University of California in Los Angeles, was frustrated by empirical economists' emphasis on measures of correlation over underlying questions of cause and effect, such as whether people who spend more years in school go on to earn more in later life.

然而，这位在加州大学洛杉矶分校工作的经济学家的批评并没有让他的同行们警醒，实证主义经济学家们依然执着于以因果关系为基础进行研究，他们研究诸如&受教育时间更长是否会导致未来收入增加&这类问题。

In recent years, the frequency of chlorine leakage or explosion accidents is going on rising, for the sake of solving this problem, the chlorine leakage accident of Jiangxi Lipin chemical plant is chosen as an example.

针对国内近年来氯气泄漏、爆炸事故频发的现状，选择其中具有典型性的江西某厂氯气泄漏事故，运用因果分析方法对其事故原因进行系统分析，根据分析结果，以降低事故发生概率和严重度为目标，从管理角度提出预防对策。

We employ quarterly data on industrial output, indicators of stock market liquidly, stock market volatility, and banking development during 1986:1-2003:3. We found that the Granger causality between output and financial development variables differ significantly among different knowledge intensity industries.

实证方法上，采用Johansen(1992，1995)之最大概似估计法(maximum likelihood estimate， MLE)来检定变数间是否存在共整合关系；若变数间存在共整合关系，则可以向量误差修正模型(vector error correction model，VECM)为基础，据以探讨金融发展与不同知识密度产业经济成长之因果关系。

Of science and technology changing is a very complex process, look from the angle of engineering, it is basic research, application studies what study to development to change, it is science of fundamental science, technology to project technology change process; to look from economics angle, it is one is motivation with economic interest, the possibility from science and technology to economic feasibility change process; to look from philosophical angle, it is sex of cause and effect to purpose sex change, the uniqueness that is scientific principle is reached to technical diversity change a course manipulatively.

科学技术的转化是一个非常复杂的过程，从工程学的角度看，它是基础研究、应用研究向发展研究的转化，是基础自然科学、技术科学向工程应用科学的转化过程；从经济学角度看，是一个以经济利益为动力，从科学技术的可能性向经济可行性的转化过程；从哲学的角度看，是因果性向目的性的转化，是科学原理的唯一性向技术多样性及功利性的转化过程。

J. Gibson (Michotte 1963; Gibson 1986). Empirical studies deriving from the former involve the direct perception of the rich properties constitutive of causation. Those following on the latter concern the direct perception of humanly relevant functional properties of the environment (physical-geometric features may be given directly as hiding places or escape routes, for example), as well as intentional and mentalistic properties.

起于前者的经验研究包含对因果的构成性的丰富属性的直接感知，后者得到了对环境（——例如逃跑路线的物理-几何学特征的直接给予）的相关人的功能属性的直接感知，同样还有意向性特征和精神性特征。

As a result, its models of causality are metaphoric and seemingly imprecise from the Western perspective.

所以，因果关系的模型是一种隐喻，从西方的观点看似乎不严密。

As a bonus, this view is perfectly compatible with the causal closure of the microphysical, and indeed with existing physical laws.

作为奖励，这个观点很好的相容于微观物理学的因果闭合和真正存在的物理律。

The only way to embrace this position would seem to be in combination with a denial of microphysical causal closure, holding that there are fundamental dispositions above the microphysical level, which have phenomenal properties as their grounds.

仅有的出路，要满足此点的话，是拒绝微观物理学的因果闭合，认为有基础部署在微观物理学水平之上，而这有现象属性作为它们的基础。

Then he gave a high appraise to logic of Moism. What he had done established a new way for the research of logical history in Chinese modern times, and pushed the research of Chinese logical history toward a new developing stage.

梁启超在逻辑——方法论方面取得的主要成就：①对比分析了归纳法与演绎法，特别是对归纳法的分析比较详尽，也基本正确；②主要将比较法作为归纳法的一个组成部分来进行分析，论述了比较法的认识作用，讨论了比较法在历史研究中的运用；③比较分析了分析法与综合法的思维过程，并结合治史和读史具体化为历史研究方法；④阐述了因果律的基本要求，与近代莱布尼茨的充足理由原则和普通逻辑的充足理由律思想相似；⑤探讨了名的分类方法，分析了前人的错误分类，提出明确划分根据的重要性。

Morgenstern is quick to note that the study only shows an association between fast-food restaurants and stroke, not any cause-and-effect relationship.

Morgenstern同时也急于表明，他们的研究只是证明得中风和快餐店之间有一定的联系，但并不是一种因果关系。他说，&我们也不知道被调查的患者吃不吃快餐&。

Lugalbanda was a god and shepherd king of Uruk where he was worshipped for over a thousand years.

Lugalbanda 是神和被崇拜了一千年多 Uruk古埃及喜克索王朝国王。

I am coming just now,' and went on perfuming himself with Hunut, then he came and sat.

我来只是现在，'歼灭战perfuming自己与胡努特，那麼，他来到和SAT 。