四分的

Tangent linear and adjoint method of "on-off " switches are studied in this paper.

本文研究了四维变分资料同化中有关"开关"变量的切向线性化和伴随问题。

Therefore, this paper analyzes in long sentences four kinds of subordinate structure, that is, Participle, Appositive, Verbless clause and Complex "with" structure.

为此，本文以长句为单位，分析阅读中四个常见的从属结构：分词、同位语、无动词分句和with复合结构。

Specifically, itcontains 8 chapters.In chapter 1, the formation, structures, properties and the futureprospect of liposome were thoroughly reviewed;In chapter 2, the stibility and permeability of phopholipid -eleostericacid liposome were studied together with the effect of polymerizationof eleostearic acid. This membrane system was very sensitive to 〓,the effect of 〓 was clarified to increase the aggregation/fusion ofliposomes and made the permeability of mixed liposomes much higher;In chapter 3, two polymerizable conjugated diyne bolaamphiphiles were synthesized. They could form very stable mixed liposome, andthe diyne could be polymerized by UV light in bilayer liposomes, as aresult, the stability of mixed liposome against solvent or surfactantafter polymerization were enhanced. In chapter 4, two kinds of amphiphilic amino acids were synthesized andstable liposomes were formed therefrom After the condensationpolymerization of amino acid in bilayer liposomes, stable polypeptide liposomes were obtained, which had lower phase transition temperatureand higher permeability.In chapter 5, four kinds of glycolipids were synthesized and theiraggregation behavior in water was comparied. When incorporated intophospholipid bilayer membranes, they could increase the phase transitiontemperatures and inhibit the aggregation and fusion of mixedliposomesat lower temperature.In chapter 6 and 7, three kinds of steroidal bolaamphiphiles withdifferent chain lengths were synthesized. Incorporation of steroidalmoiety to the center of lipid bilayer membrane obviously increased themobility of lipid membrane and shifted Tc to lower temperature side incomparasion with cholesterol. The bolaamphiphile which was shorter thanthe hosted lipid bilayer membrane thickness influenced the lipid packingmore obviously.

全文共分8章：第一章对脂质体的形成、结构、性质及展望进行了较为详细的文献综述；第二章研究了磷脂-桐酸脂质体的稳定性，通透能力及桐酸的聚合对这些性质的影响；磷脂-桐酸混合脂质体为一类对〓灵敏的脂质体，〓的作用首先是使脂质体集聚然后使脂质体融合，并加速内包荧光物的释放；第三章通过合成两种可聚合共轭双炔双极性双亲分子DDCA，DDOL，研究了共双炔分子在双分子层脂质体膜上的聚合及对脂质体性质的影响，聚合可以提高脂质体相对于溶剂及表面活性剂的稳定性；第四章合成了两类氨基酸为极性基团的双亲分子，它们均可以在超声下形成稳定的脂质体结构；氨基酸基团可以在脂质体上进行缩聚反应，若聚合后脂质体表面仍有足够的亲水能力，则可得到稳定的多肽型脂质体；聚合后脂质体的相变温度降低，通透能力增加；第五章合成了四种亲水基团为单糖基的双亲分子GL-l，GL-2，GL-3， GL-4，研究了它们在水中的分散情况、集合体形态与分子结构的关系；在DMPC双分子层膜中加入糖脂分子可以使脂质体的相变温度提高，阻止脂质体在低温放置时的集聚与融合；第六章-第七章合成了三种不同碳链长度的双极性含胆甾环双亲分子 CL-1，CL-2，CL-3；它们可以象胆固醇一样与磷脂混合形成稳定脂质体，胆甾环基团位于脂质体双分子层膜的中间；与胆固醇的作用相反，它们可以增加磷脂双分子层膜的流动性，降低混合脂质体的相变温度；三种分子的作用与其碳链长度和磷脂双分子层膜的厚度有关，比膜厚度短的分子影响最大。

This thesis is composed of four sections. Section 1 gives an overview of theories about elderly security. It involves the demand of the aged, the concept, content, influential factors of family elderly support, the concept, content, type, model and economic effect of public pension, theories searched from the study of Chinese elderly security. Section 2 introduces the history of family elderly support, analyses the reasons of the existence of it, expatiates on the factors that weaken the function of it, such as modernization of agriculture, population aging, family miniaturization, urbanization etc. section 3 introduces the history of the social old-age insurance in Chinese rural areas, analyses its impendency from the aspects of social stabilization, the rights and interests of the peasants, rural employment. Section 4 is the most important part of the thesis. It first refers to foreign practical experiences on rural elderly security, then demonstrates the elderly support at home which combines family elderly support and social elderly support, especially analyses the public pension.

全文共分四部分：第一部分是养老保障概论，介绍了老年人的养老需求，家庭养老的概念、内容及影响因素，社会养老保险的概念、内容、类型、模式及经济效应，中国农村养老保障研究的相关理论；第二部分是中国农村家庭养老分析，介绍了家庭养老的历史，分析了其长期存在的依据，并进一步阐述了农业现代化、人口老龄化、家庭小型化和城市化等对中国农村家庭养老的冲击，弱化了家庭养老的功能；第三部分是中国农村社会养老保险分析，介绍了中国农村社会养老保险的发展历史，从社会稳定、农民权益和农村就业等方面分析了建立社会养老保险的迫切性；第四部分是建立中国农村社会养老保险制度的政策建议，是文章的重点，在借鉴国外农村养老实践经验的基础上，阐述了适合我国农村现实的家庭养老和社会养老相结合的居家养老，并对其中的社会养老保险进行了比较细致的分析。

It is found thatthe fractal dimension D=1.25 corresponds to the lowest criticalcoupling constant αc=1.9,D=1.73 corresponds to the highest criticalratio of dielectric constants ηc=0.163,and when D≤1.145 bipolaronscan not exist at any rate.In chap,4,we will propose a novelapproach to the calculation of the exciton ground-state energy for thestrong-coupling case.Different from all previous methods,the wavefunction of the phonon part is assumed to take a form related to thewave function of the relative motion.We obtain the exciton energy bysolving the derived integrodifferential equation rather than select ahydrogen-like form to minimize the energy expectation.

结果发现，分数维的维数D＝1.25对应最小的临界的电-声耦合常数(αo＝1.9)，D＝1.73对应最大的临界的介电常数比(ηc＝0.163)，当分数维的维数D≤1.145时，双极化子无论如何也不可能存在，在第四章中，我们将提出一种新颖的变分方法来计算强耦合的激子-声子系统的基态能，不同于以前所有的方法，我们取声子的波函数与相对运动波函数有关的形式，而不是假定一个固定的关于相对运动坐标r的函数形式，得到相对运动波函数所满足的非线性的微分积分方程，我们数值求解这个微分积分方程得到系统基态能，而不是选择一个类氢原子的波函数变分使得能量的期待值最小。

The text was divided into five parts: The basic conception of narratology applicability of narrative theory in television advertisiment research was explained in the first chapter; television advertisiment was researched on four aspects: the entity of narratory、the display mode of storied advertisiment、the analysis of live broadcast and word of narrative advertisiment in the second chapter; narrative research on the symbol mode of television advertisiment such as montages and voices et cetera was made in the third chapter; television advertisiment was analyzed by signifier and signified of advertisiment as well as narrative technique in desire and implementation in the fourth chapter; the relationship of narrative prototype and adoption in television advertisiment was discussed on several aspects such as circumstances prototype、ideological prototype and person prototype et cetera in the fifth chapter.

本文正文共分五个部分展开：第一章阐释叙事学的基本概念以及叙事理论对电视广告研究的适用性；第二章从叙事的本质、广告故事化的表现形式、广告叙事的时况和话语分析四个方面研究电视广告并尝试建构一个电视广告叙事学的研究模式；第三章对电视广告中的画面和声音等符号形式进行叙事学研究；第四章从广告中的能指和所指、愿望和实现的叙事技巧对电视广告进行分析；第五章从情节原型、意识形态原型、人物原型等方面探讨电视广告中叙事原型与叙事接受的关系，同时探讨电视广告的陌生化表达方式。

Second, there are four Chapters of this paper: Chapter I Russian History and the fate of intellectual in the 20thcentury, which unscrambles the very historical context reflected by Doctor Zhivago. It refers to the changes of Russian history and politics, the fate of Russian intellectual, the living condition of Pasternak in the torrent times. Chapter II The choice of fate by Russian intellectuals, specificly analyses different choices by different intellectuals, in order to prominent truly noble character of Russianintellectuals; ChapterⅢThe spiritual confusion of Russian intellectuals, analyses the basic formation of their spiritual confusion in the 20th century context of Russian History. It refers to the disjunction between reality and ideal, the tragedy of Hamlet-like character, and Zhivago-like spiritual orphan of Jew. Chapter IV The spiritual remolding of the Russian intellectuals, which profoundly analyzes the relationship among Tolstoyism, Christian faith and belief of the humanitarianism on the blue print of Doctor Zhivago's spiritual experiences, therefore, reflects the tropism of humanitarian value of Russia in the 20th century.

其次，正文部分共分四章：第一章&20世纪俄罗斯历史与知识分子的命运&，主要是从20世纪俄罗斯历史与政治变革、20世纪俄罗斯知识分子的命运、处在时代漩涡中的帕斯捷尔纳克的生存境遇等方面，来(来源：6a6aAB5eC论文网www.abclunwen.com)解读《日瓦戈医生》所反映的特定历史语境；第二章&俄罗斯知识分子的命运选择&，通过具体分析在特定的历史语境中，俄罗斯不同类型的知识分子对于命运的不同选择，以突出真正的俄罗斯知识分子高贵的人格品质；第三章&俄罗斯知识分子的精神困惑&，从理想与现实的脱节、&哈姆雷特式&的性格悲剧、日瓦戈式的&犹太精神孤儿&等方面，具体分析了20世纪俄罗斯历史语境中知识分子精神迷茫的基本形态；第四章&俄罗斯知识分子的精神重塑&，以日瓦戈医生的精神历练为蓝本，对20世纪俄罗斯知识分子的精神重塑与托尔斯泰主义、基督教信仰以及对人道主义的崇信的内在关系做了深刻解剖，从而折射出20世纪俄罗斯社会的人文价值取向。

The research method is combining historic happening with scientific research.This paper is composed of seven chapters. The preface explains briefly the reason of choosing this topic and its significance, as well as the existent research situation in the academic circle.The first chapter presents the subjective and objective historical condition of the formation and development of his view about population quality in four aspects.The second chapter gives a full play to its evolution: it gestates and germinates before the failure of the revolution in 1911, takes shape and develops in the period of Base Area. The following period after the founding of People's Republic of China is its mature time. This view also experiences twisty developments in China's exploring period of socialism.The third part focuses on its major connotations, including Mao's narration on the connotation of Population quality, his analysis of contradiction between population quality and Chinese revolution and construction and of their significance, and the way to enhance Chinese population quality.The fourth chapter makes analyses of philosophical support of Mao's view from three "adherences": adherence to basic principle of seeking truth from facts;adherence to the common acknowledged fact that the people is the main part of history;adherence to the dialectical relation between being and consciousness.

全文共分七个部分：前言部分概述了本文选题的由来及意义，以及目前学术界对这一问题的研究现状；第一部分主要从四个方面论述毛泽东人口素质观形成和发展的主客观历史条件；第二部分描述了毛泽东人口素质观的演变轨迹：大革命失败前人口素质观的孕育和萌芽；根据地时期人口素质观的形成和发展；建国初期人口素质观的成熟以及全面探索社会主义建设时期的曲折发展；第三部分重点介绍了毛泽东人口素质观的主要内涵，包括毛泽东对人口素质内涵的论述，对人口素质与中国革命和建设的矛盾性分析，人口素质与中国革命和建设的重要性分析，以及如何提高中国人口素质等；第四部分分析了毛泽东人口素质观的哲学依据，主要有三个方面：坚持实事求是的基本原则；坚持人民群众是历史的主体；坚持存在与意识的辩证关系。

Another essential principle which runs through Plotinus\' theory of soul and his whole philosophy is the idea of "the great chain of beings", i.e. the lower being depends on the higher one, the product is lower than and exists in its producer. The top of this chain is the One or the Good, all things come from and also try to return to him. Hence, returning to the One is the ultimate end of soul. And, this ability is deep in all souls. Because soul is a substance which has many different levels and abilities, the One and Intellect are all present in every soul. Each of our soul all has some divinity by which we can ascend to and achieve the ultimate mystic uniting. So, ascending and uniting is actually a process of returning, i.e. returning deeply to soul and self where the divine hypostases are always shining and illuminating.In order to express these main points, in the part of introduction, I will introduce the character of Plotinus\' time and his individual personality, I will present the reason why I choose

为表达上述要旨，本论文将在导言中介绍普罗提诺所处的时代特征及其个人气质，并交待本文的选题缘起及其基本思路；在第一章中，我们将首先探求灵魂一词的基本含义，然后对普罗提诺之前的希腊哲学史中的灵魂理论做一纵向的爬梳，再给出普罗提诺对此的评论和总结；在第二章中，我们将横向地分析普罗提诺对灵魂的诸多界定，包括灵魂的地位、灵魂的本质与力量、灵魂的层次与构成和灵魂的存在状态四个方面；第三章的主旨是灵魂创生世界，包括灵魂必然下降、灵魂与世界、与身体及其与自我之间的关系；第四章要谈到灵魂建构知识的问题，分感知、记忆、推理与理智三小节；第五章的标题是灵魂追求太一，包括存在大链、灵魂的上升之旅、灵魂的自由与幸福三部分；最后我们将以普罗提诺的神秘主义作为本文的结束语。

Except the foreword, this paper is divided into four chpaters:Chapter One: the common vivid featrues of dramatic personae in the phyletic biography of people in Shiji. The charater accords with the described methods, it has the obvious feature of kindred, It leans to the type of the figural creation in our country's later gerneration novels.Chapter Tw phyletic biography of people not extrudes the common featrue of drmatic personae but also emphersizes the personality description. The figural creation turns personal description from typical description gradually in the later generation novels, although the same typical charaters have the differnt lookings.Chapter Three: phyletic biography of people stands out the charaters with the typical events, the same charater can appears the differnt phyletic biography of people, it shows the differnt features (This is the commuteritive incarnate in Shiji). The later generation novels figure the charaters with their action, the same character lean to the differnt points, they show their differnt characteristics.Chapter Four: phyletic biography of people has the multiform modality, it includes paratactic description, coherend interclude, cascade rising and so on. The later generation novels use for reference the paratactic in the arrange of polt structure.

除引言外，全文分为四部分：第一章：《史记》各&类传&中&传主&的共同特征鲜明，人物选择符合以类相从、连类相及的方法，&类&的特色极为明显；我国后世小说中人物形象塑造呈现出类型化的倾向；第二章：&类传&在突出传主共同特征的基础上也注重人物的个性描写，传中人物在符合&类属&的前提下自身的特色同时显现出来：后世小说中人物形象塑造逐步由类型化向个性化发展，即便是同一群体的人物也具有各自不同的面目；第三章：&类传&选取传中人物的典型事件来突出人物形象；同一人物可以进入不同的类传中，表现出不同的特性(这是《史记》全书人物塑造上的&互现法&的典型体现)；后世小说中注重选择具有行动性特征的细节来塑造人物形象；同一人物在不同作品中有不同的侧重，呈现出不同的面目；第四章：&类传&结构安排的多样形式，主要有并列分叙、联贯穿插、层叠上升等几种形式；后世小说在情节结构安排上对&类传&的借鉴。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。