四倍体的

If 〓mRNA positive expression, its DNA heteroploid type display as triploid or hypodiploidy, if 〓mRNA negative expression, its DNA heteroploid type display as hyperdiploidy、tetraploid or Bistem line. These from one flank demonstrate the role of 〓 gene suppress the proliferation of malignant tumor

表达阳性者，其DNA异倍体主要表现为三倍体或低二倍体，〓表达阴性者，其DNA异倍体主要表现为高倍体、四倍体和双干系，从一个侧面显示出〓基因的抑制恶性肿瘤细胞增殖的作用。

They are complex polyploids, being partly tetraploid and partly hexaploid

它们是复杂的多倍体，其中一部分是四倍体，一部分是六倍体。

Pooling together thedata from comparing the 4x original varieties with their corresponding 2x varietiessince 1979,it was found,that tetraploidy could cause variation of manyagronomic traits.

自1979年对四倍体水稻原种(4x)和相应的二倍体水稻品种(2x)进行了对比，结果发现，四倍体水稻原种的许多农艺性状发生了变化。

That indicates there might be differences in respiring and feeding between diploid and triploid Pacific oysters.

二、对四倍体牡蛎精子的透射电镜观察结果表明，四倍体太平洋牡蛎的精子的形态结构与其二倍体基本相同，都是由头部、中段和鞭毛三个部分组成。

Monosomic 3, monosomic 5, monosomic 10, trisomic 4 and trisomic 5 as experiment materials, their meiosis behavior of pollen mother cell, pollen characteristics, physiological and biochemical characteristics of anther, section observation of pollen development and the structure of embryo sac were studied, and the effects on the seed set and transmission rate were analyzed.

本文以大白菜同源四倍体小孢子培养产生的且已鉴定为3号单体、5号单体、10号单体、4号初级三体、5号初级三体的非整倍体株系及二倍体株系等为试材，对各材料的结籽率、雄配子传递率进行了统计，并对花粉母细胞减数分裂行为、花粉特性、花粉发育和胚囊结构以及花药生理生化特性等方面进行了观察研究，进而分析了其对大白菜单体n-1雄配子和三体n+1雄配子传递率的影响。

Herbacium were isobilateral leaves, and those of G. hirsutum and C. barbadense were dorsiventral leaves. The reciprocal F〓 of cross G. arboreum×G. herbacium were also isobilateral leaves, while reciprocal F〓 cross of G. hirsutum×G. barbadense were also dorsiventral leaves. The quadrispecific hybrids F〓 were isobilateral leaves, regardless of their cytoplasms. The structures of the leaf stalks and the stems were analogous to each other among the four cultivated cotton species except their diameters varied with species.

四个栽培棉种及其种间杂种F〓的形态学和细胞遗传学观察四个栽培棉种的植株、叶片、茎杆以及花器等器官都有明显的差异；叶片、茎杆以及叶柄的横切面结构观察结果表明，两个二倍体栽培棉种的叶片横切面构造为等面叶，两个四倍体栽培棉种却均为背腹叶；F〓正反交的叶片也为等面叶，F〓正反交F〓仍为背腹叶，而它们的四元杂交种均为等面叶；四个栽培棉种的叶柄和茎的横切面结构基本一致，只是直径形状和和维管束多少的不同，四元杂种的叶柄和茎的横切面结构的差异不明显。

In order to obtain viable tetraploids, which remains a major challenge worldwide, research on spindle organization and chromosome behavior was carried out mainly in zhikong scallop, Chlamys farreri, a typical commercially important species which is being cultured in North China Sea. Immunofluorescent technique and laser scanning confocal microscopy has been developed for observation of both microtubule organization and chromosome segregation. Orcein squash method was also used for chromosome observation. A series of complicated configurations of the meiotic spindle and associated patterns of chromosome segregation, including tripolar and seperated bipolar segregation, were found in developing eggs following the inhibition of the first polar body.

为了攻克可存活四倍体人工培育技术的国际性研究难题，本研究选取了我国北方海区的典型经济贝类栉孔扇贝为主要研究对象，建立了一套免疫荧光染色和激光扫描共聚焦显微技术，结合使用染色体地衣红压片观察技术，对第一极体受抑制的受精卵的减数分裂纺锤体装配、染色体分离动态进行了研究，发现了一系列特殊的纺锤体装配及相应的染色体分离行为，包括三极分离、独立二极分离等分离类型，从亚细胞水平上阐明了四倍体形成的细胞学机理。

The genetic analysis and improvement of characters, such as tuber processing quality traits and yield components which tend to be quantitatively inherited, are far more difficult than those at diploid potato. Reviewing the earlier studies indicated that a few systematic investigations on genetics of important traits in potato were untaken and most focused on estimates of combing ability for agronomic traits due to limited materials and methodologies available.

利用二倍体材料简化了遗传分离比例、可应用现有的二倍体遗传模型进行遗传分析并更有效的挖掘和利用二倍体资源中的优异基因，进而通过倍性育种及遗传工程育种将有利性状转育到四倍体普通栽培品种。

Most primers amplified same bands in diploids, tetraploids and hexaploids. It suggest that D and AB genomes have high homology and D genomes be successfully transferred from diploid to hexaploid.

从供试的绝大多数引物均能在不同倍性小麦中扩增出相同的条带证明了D染色体组和AB染色体组间存在着很高的同源性以及利用二倍体和四倍体小麦杂交人工合成六倍体小麦的真实性。

The result showed that: 1 Gill epithelium nucleus major-axis size, hemolymph nucleus diameter in the connective tissue of mantle and labial palps were significantly (P＜0.001) larger in triploids than in diploids, no significantly differences were found in rectum epithelium height between diploids and triploids.

另外，通过组织切片、扫描电镜和透射电镜等方法比较了二倍体和三倍体太平洋牡蛎的几种组织器官的细胞大小、鳃的表面结构和鳃的超微结构，二倍体和四倍体精子的超微结构上的差异，旨在为更好的发展多倍体育种技术、探索多倍体的快速生长机制提供理论依据。

And if officials on the take are not parroting the opinions of these companies, what can we suppose the money they receive is for?

如果受贿的官员不鹦鹉学舌般地复述这些公司的看法，那他们所接受的钱又能用于什么目的呢？

Love them, and love you too, Pitcher.

爱他们，也爱你，投手。