四体生物

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

Along with rapid development of bio-technology, artificial chromosome doubling in vitro is the efficiency approach of producing polyploidy plants. Advances on in vitro induction of autotetraploid in plants was reviewed.

随着生物技术的迅速发展，通过植物离体组织人工诱导多倍体已经成为获得多倍体植株的有效途径，本文就植物离体组织染色体加倍诱导同源四倍体的研究进展做一介绍。

These include the 'Eatin Squig', a limbless blob which feeds on fungus, the 'Growler Squig', a legged variety used as a sheepdog for Gretchin (in third and fourth editions referred to as a 'Squighound' and available as an item of wargear), the 'Attack Squig' a powerfully voracious little beast available as an item of wargear, and the 'Face-eater Squig', a ferociously toothed variety used both as a weapon and for entries in face-eating contests The Ork and the Squig both open their mouths and bite, in a parody of a kiss.

"食用史古格"，一种无肢软体生物，以真菌为食；"嗥叫史古格"，长有腿，用作看守小鬼头的"牧羊犬"（在第三版和第四版规则书中成为"史古格猎犬"，作为战争装甲的一个部件）；"攻击史古格"，一种贪吃的小型野兽，作为战争装甲的一个强力部件；"吃脸史古格"，性情凶残，有牙齿，同时作为武器和"吃脸比赛"的选手。（Ork和史古格都张开嘴对咬，貌似对接吻的拙劣模仿。

To understand the molecular basis of the high selectivity of the inhibitor and the mechanism of feedback inhibition, we determined the crystal structure of LiCMSC (C-terminal regulatory domain of LiCMS) in complex with isoleucine, and performed a biochemical study of the inhibition of LiCMS using mutagenesis and kinetic methods.

丁建平和赵国屏课题组合作，运用结构生物学和生物化学的方法分别研究了 CMS 的催化结构域与其底物丙酮酸、乙酰辅酶 A 、金属辅基的四元复合物的晶体结构，和 CMS 的调节结构域与反馈抑制剂异亮氨酸的复合物的晶体结构，以及全酶与这些配体相互结合的动力学性质。

The total synthese three natural compounds to explore enantioselective synthesis of flavanol: We use phloroglucin and 2, 4, 6-trihydroxyacetophone as starting materials to synthesis distenin in two ways; Resorcin was used to synthsis 2, 5-dimethoxymethoxyacetophone though 3 steps.

对黄烷醇化合物的立体选择性全合成进行了探索：以间苯三酚和2，4，6-三羟基苯乙酮为原料，尝试用两条路线对Distenin化合物进行了全合成研究；以对苯二酚为原料，经三步制得2，5-二甲氧甲氧基苯乙酮，与2，4，6-三甲氧甲氧基苯甲醛反应，经四步反应得到天然产物3，5，7，2′，5′-二五羟基黄烷关键中间体1-（2′，6′-二甲氧甲氧基苯）-3-（2"，4"，6-三甲氧甲氧基苯）丙烷-1R，2R-二醇83及其对映体84；简要介绍了EGCg类化合物的生物活性和研究概况。

CBD寸土寸金due to geographical location, and large amount of office space everywhere, but Wantong Center Product designed to shift the standard four-storey area of 745-1500 square meters, single-family area of 15,000 -3.2 million square meters of body volume of office space, hopes to differentiate products in the region and gain market advantage and uniqueness.

由于生物多样性公约寸土寸金的地理位置，以及大量的办公空间无处不在，但万通中心产品旨在改变标准的四层面积745-1500平方米，单户面积15000 -3.2万平方米的体数量的办公空间，希望能够区分产品在该地区获得更多的市场优势和独特性。

Biopolymer active center elements are the composition of the alimental organism and the primary inherent cause of catalysis and activation, their ingestion, accumulation, transportation and distribution have relation to the biological function of the organism, so we can predict the characteristics of the elemental distribution by the fourth statistical mechanics founded by Professor Jin and further study the biological function of the organism with diet therapy effect.

由于生物高分子活性中心元素是生物营养体的组成成分与催化激活的主要内在原因，其摄入，积累，运送与分布都与生物体的生物功能密切相关，所以可以通过金日光教授提出的第四统计力学——群子统计理论来考察其分布规律，进而考察、评价食疗型生物体的生物功能，从而为研究生物体的营养、药物功能提供新的理论依据，为诠释中国传统食疗学的相关理论打开新的思路。

VPO catalyst precursor is prepared by adding sodium laurate,oleic acid,stearic acid and Tween 60 to study the effect of biosurface- active materials on the structure and properties of VPO catalyst precursor.

为了探讨生物表面活性物质对VPO催化剂前驱体结构和性能的影响，制备了月桂酸钠、油酸、硬脂酸和吐温60四种物质存在下的VPO 催化剂前驱体。

These include the 'Eatin Squig', a limbless blob which feeds on fungus, the 'Growler Squig', a legged variety used as a sheepdog for Gretchin (in third and fourth editions referred to as a 'Squighound' and available as an item of wargear), the 'Attack Squig' a powerfully voracious little beast available as an item of wargear, and the 'Face-eater Squig', a ferociously toothed variety used both as a weapon and for entries in face-eating contests The Ork and the Squig both open their mouths and bite, in a parody of a kiss.

&食用史古格&，一种无肢软体生物，以真菌为食；&嗥叫史古格&，长有腿，用作看守小鬼头的&牧羊犬&（在第三版和第四版规则书中成为&史古格猎犬&，作为战争装甲的一个部件）；&攻击史古格&，一种贪吃的小型野兽，作为战争装甲的一个强力部件；&吃脸史古格&，性情凶残，有牙齿，同时作为武器和&吃脸比赛&的选手。（Ork和史古格都张开嘴对咬，貌似对接吻的拙劣模仿。

The macrocyclic polyamines are a kind of excellent ligands and have a substantially high binding affinity with transition metal ions. Macrocyclic polyamine metal complexes as enzyme models are widely used in chemical biology, medicine and gene therapy. 1, 4, 7, 10-tetrazacyclododecane is a representative macrocyclic polyamines compound and shows high binding affinity with transition metal ions, such as Zn, Cu and Co. Their metal complexes especially multinuclear complexes were widely used in DNA, RNA recognition.

大环多胺化合物是一类性质独特的优秀配体，具有良好的金属配位能力，其金属配合物作为人工酶模型广泛应用于核酸结构及功能研究、基因表达与调控、抗癌药物的研制等生物、化学和医学领域。1，4，7，10-四氮杂十二烷是典型的大环多胺化合物，对过渡金属离子Zn， Cu and Co有良好的配位能力，这些金属配合物特别是多核金属配合物被广泛应用于DNA识别中。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。