囊孢子的

Due to effect of temperature, the differentiation of clinandrium began when bud were about 1.6-2 mm, after then all buds differentiated clinandriums, and one anther could differentiate to 1 ~ 4 clinandriums in which there were microspores which in stage from tetrad to mature pollen grains.

由于温度的影响，1.6～2mm大小的花蕾开始出现花粉囊的分化，以后各大小的蕾都分化了个数不等的花粉囊，一个花药可分化出1～4个花粉囊，可见到自四分体到成熟花粉粒的各阶段小孢子。

Female gametogenesis in higher plants undergoes various developmental changes, including the de novo formation of germline cells, the differentiation of the megaspore mother cell, meiosis, megaspore selection, and the development of the embryosac.

高等植物雌配子体的形成涉及孢原细胞和大孢子母细胞的确立与分化、大孢子发生、功能大孢子以及胚囊的形成和发育等多种复杂调控过程。随着当代生物技术及功能基因组学的发展，近年对雌配子体发育的研究已从细胞学描述逐渐过渡到对基因和发育调控分子机理的探索。

The megaspore mother cell is located at the 3rd or 4th layer of cells in the nucellus top end. It divides transversally to form a linear megaspore tetrad, and the megaspore at the chalazal end develops into the embryo sac mother cell.

大孢子母细胞位在珠心顶表皮下第三或四层细胞处，经横分裂后产生一直线形的大孢子四分体，其中位居合点端的大孢子发育成胚囊母细胞。

KM strain mice immunosuppressed with 7. 5～10mg/L DEX in drinking water had the higher oocysts output and fewer dead than other groups.(4) There was no significant difference infection rate between groups inoculated with different number CSO and groups inoculated CSO with conserved different time. Trial were divided into control, groups of 50mg/kg /d, 100 mg/kg /d and 200 mg/kg /d dose of the drug to study the anticryptosporidial activities of nitazoxanide in an immunosuppressed mice model. The experimental results showed the treatment with 200mg/kg bw /day was significant inhibition of oocyst excretion. To detect the two cryptosporidiums strain C.

实验结果表明：C.parvum虫种能够感染上本实验所采用的BALB／c和昆明小白鼠两种小鼠，而C.andersoni没有能够感染本次实验小鼠；且从小鼠感染后的排卵囊量和小鼠的生存状态来看，采用5～6周龄的KM鼠能获得最大量的隐孢子虫卵囊，小鼠的死亡数最少；每升饮水中地塞米松量为7.5mg～10mg组比12.5mg以上组小鼠死亡数量少，比5mg／L以下组排卵囊数量多；接种不同卵囊数和卵囊的保存时间这两个参数均对小鼠受感染后的排卵囊情况影响不大。

The additional supplements including glucose,ascorbic acid and insulin had the enhancement effects on C.andersoni development,while folic acid had no significantly effect on C. andersoni development and calcium pantothenate had inhibited effect.When added 50 mmol/L glucose,50μg/ml ascorbic acid,0.3 U/ml insulin into 10%FCS RPMI-1640 medium,the proliferation of C.andersoni had a great significantly increase,and the gene copies of C.andersoni were 8-fold compared with that in 10%FCS RPMI-1640 medium.

冻融法+蛋白酶K法+声裂法提纯隐孢子虫卵囊DNA效果最佳，其次为冻融法+声裂法和蛋白酶K法+声裂法，冻融法+蛋白酶K法效果最差。10%FCS是培养安氏隐孢子虫的最佳FCS浓度，葡萄糖、维生素C和胰岛素都具有促安氏隐孢子虫增殖作用，泛酸钙无促虫体增殖效果，而叶酸则抑制虫体增殖。10%FCS RPMI-1640培养液中加入50 mmol/L葡萄糖，50μg/ml维生素C和0.3 U/ml胰岛素促安氏隐孢子虫增殖效果最显著，虫体增殖8倍。

To understand the degeneration of unfertilized aposporous embryo sac in an aposporous species Pennisetum squamulatum, the central cell in the unfertilized embryo sac was characterized ultrastructurally.

为理解植物无孢子生殖胚囊未受精条件下的退化，对无孢子生殖植物非洲狼尾草未受精成熟胚囊中央细胞退化做了细胞形态学研究。

In filicophytes, there was a relatively high ratio of VA mycotrophy in the eusporangiates, and there was no autotrophic in the eusporangiates; but the ratio of autotrophic was up to 71%, and the ratioes of VA mycotrophic and facultative mycotrophic were low, 15% and 14% respectively in the leptosporangiates.

用碱解离、酸性品红染色法对云南热带、亚热带自然生长和部分移栽到温室中的256种（拟蕨类植物20种，真蕨类植物236种）蕨类植物孢子体的VA菌根状况进行了调查研究，结果发现，在拟蕨类植物中，孢子体只存在兼性VA菌根营养和自养两种菌根营养类型，两种类型，两种类型所占的比例相当；在真蕨类植物中，厚囊蕨类植物VA菌根营养的比例较高（92%），且无自养类型；而在薄囊蕨类植物中，自养型占71%，VA菌根营养和兼性菌根营养所占的比例都不高，分别是15%和14%。

From 94 soil samples and 9 bark samples in these areas, 259 Myxobacteria strains were isolated and 140 strains of them were purified. These 259 Myxobacteria strains were primarily identified in genus or species level by their fruiting bodies, myxospores and vegetative cells on the base of Sergey's manual of determinative bacteriology and they belonged to 9 genera(Myxococcus, Corallococcm. Angiococcus. Archangium, Cystobacter. Stigmatella . Hapoangium. Nannocystis. Polyangium) of Myxococcales.

根据菌株的特征性子实体形态和其营养细胞、粘孢子形态，以《Bergey's manualof determinative bacteriology》第九版为依据，将分离纯化出的菌株初步鉴定到属，这259株粘细菌菌株经过初步的分类鉴定，分属于9个属，即粘球菌属139株、珊瑚球菌属20株、囊球菌属18株、原囊菌属21株、孢囊杆菌属5株、标桩菌属36株、单囊菌属9株、小囊菌属3株，和多囊菌属8株。

Vitelline antibody has significant dissolving and weakening effect on sparozoite, but it has no effect on the speed of sporation of E. tenella, and pathogenicity of sporulated oocysts.

tenella的子孢子具有明显的溶解和致弱作用，但对卵囊的孢子化速率和孢子化球虫卵囊的致病性没有明显影响。

The results showed that among the 3 NO donors,only GSNO had significant effects on the percentage of sporulated oocysts,theinhibiting rate of purified sporulated oocysts was 93% to 97%,and reached 100% onthe oocysts in the faces of chicken with E.tenella infection.GSNO also significantlydecreased virulence of E.tenella oocysts;and the oocysts treated by 2～8 mmol/LGSNO almost lost their pathogenicity to chickens.

试验结果表明，在以上3种NO供体中，只有GSNO对卵囊的孢子化率有明显的抑制作用，其对纯化卵囊的抑制率为93％～97％，对粪便中卵囊的抑制率可达100％；GSNO还能明显抑制E.tenella卵囊的毒力，经2～8mmol/L浓度GSNO处理的卵囊几乎丧失了对雏鸡的致病力。

The objective is to subjugate and discourage the people, because that allows the elite to continue to rule unopposed.

其目的是压制和打击人民的积极性，因为这可以让实权派继续统治不会沦为反对派。

GOD,this is the second time you vanquished me!

天啊，这是第二次你打败了我！