嗅觉

Result: Among the 121 cases,103 cases were hyposmia, 29 cases were anosmia, in which one side was hyposmia ,the other side was anosmia in 11 cases.

结果 ：经检查，嗅觉障碍 12 1例患儿中嗅觉减退 10 3例，嗅觉丧失 2 9例，其中 11例一侧嗅觉减退，一侧嗅觉丧失。

Disturbances of the sense of smell are frequent.It is estimated to be 19.1%(hyposmia 13.3%,anosmia 5.8%) in adults aged 20 years and older,and 24.5%in adults aged 53 years and older.

在生活中，嗅觉障碍并不少见，有数据显示20岁以上的中青年中19.1%存在嗅觉障碍，其中嗅觉功能减退者占13.3%，嗅觉完全丧失者占5.8%，而在53岁以上的中老年人当中存在嗅觉障碍的人数比例已高达24.5%。

Background: The olfactory function of Chinese people has not been evaluated adequately. Additionally, many diseases may affect olfactory function. Therefore , it is necessary to develop a practicable olfactory test to study olfaction in our people.

背景：中国人的嗅觉功能并未有足够的评估，除此，许多疾病也会影向嗅觉功能，因此发展一种实用的嗅觉试验来研究中国人的嗅觉是必须的。

ABSTRACT:Objective To explore the feasibility of functional magnetic resonance imaging in analysis of olfaction function with modified OEP-98C olfactometer and event-related design.

目的 探讨以改进后的OEP-98C型嗅觉诱发电位仪作为嗅觉刺激器，事件相关设计的嗅觉功能磁共振成像分析嗅觉功能的可行性。

Objective To explore the feasibility of functional magnetic resonance imaging in analysis of olfaction function with modified OEP-98C olfactometer and event-related design.

目的探讨以改进后的OEP-98C型嗅觉诱发电位仪作为嗅觉刺激器，事件相关设计的嗅觉功能磁共振成像分析嗅觉功能的可行性。方法采用改进后适应磁共振环境的OEP-98C型嗅觉诱发电位仪作为嗅觉刺激器对6名右利手年轻男性志愿者进行嗅觉刺激。

With isoamyl acetate as odorant, modified OEP-98C olfactometer, and event-related design, olfaction fMRI can depict cortex activation at primary and secondary olfactory cortex.

以醋酸异戊酯作为嗅觉刺激剂和改进后的OEP-98C型嗅觉诱发电位仪作为嗅觉刺激器，事件相关设计的嗅觉fMRI可以较好地显示初级和次级嗅觉皮层的激活。

But activation at left medial orbitofrontal lobe, right amygdala, bilateral hippocampi and anterior cingulate gyri was different in the 2 tasks(P.01). Conclusions With isoamyl acetate as odorant, modified OEP-98C olfactometer, short TE and event-related design, olfaction fMR imaging can depict cortex activation at primary and secondary olfactory cortex.

结论醋酸异戊酯作为嗅觉刺激剂，用改进后的适应MR环境的OEP-98C型嗅觉诱发电位仪，选择较短TE时间，事件相关设计的嗅觉fMRI成像，可以很好地显示初级和次级嗅觉皮层的激活。

We initiated a genetic screen for Drosophila olfactory genes by means of SG18.1-Gal4/UAS system: The result validates our screen as an rapid, effective approach for recovering genes controlling glomerular map patterning; From a misexpression screen of 1,515 P{GS} lines, we identified 23 genes that, when forcibly expressed in the olfactory receptor neurons, disrupted the stereotyped anatomy of the Drosophila antennal lobes; These genes, which have not been shown previously to control olfactory map development, encode novel proteins as well as proteins with known roles in axonal outgrowth and cytoskeletal remodeling.

本文首次利用SG18.1-Gal4／UAS基因筛选系统对果蝇嗅觉基因进行了筛选和鉴定：结果表明，所采用的方法可以快速、有效地分离到果蝇嗅觉相关基因；从1515株果蝇P{GS}品系分离到86株突变体，其中40株有明显表型，从中鉴定了23个基因，这些基因在ORN强迫表达时可以损坏果蝇嗅叶的固有结构；在筛选中发现的一些调节嗅觉图谱发育的基因可以编码新蛋白或编码参与轴突生长和细胞骨架重塑的蛋白；为了便于研究，根据基因的功能和所编码蛋白的特点，我们对分离到的基因进行了分类，即参与轴突引导和突触产生、调节转录、调节细胞骨架和功能未确定或未知的基因；并通过对嗅觉感觉器的检测发现，除了调节转录的基因外，其他基因对触觉器的数量和分布影响不明显。

Although many methods have been used to evaluate olfactory function, and the domains of olfactory function evaluated were not the same among these methods, our study showed that UPSIT should be the test of choice for evaluating olfactory function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

结论与建议：虽然许多方法被用来评估嗅觉功能，而且评估嗅觉功能的面向各个方法也不尽相同但是本研究显示宾州大学嗅觉识别检查是个较好的评估慢性鼻及鼻窦炎病患嗅觉功能的方法。

The applications of artificial olfactory system in the clinic diagnosis field are introduced in detail, and the future development trend is pred.

本文介绍了人工嗅觉系统的发展历史，阐述了人工嗅觉系统的基本组成，详细介绍了人工嗅觉系统的研究现状及其在临床诊断中的应用，并展望了人工嗅觉系统在临床诊断中的发展趋势。

By the time of its fall, most of the prisoners were writers who had written against the corruptions of the government.

到它被攻陷的时候，里面多数的犯人是写了反对政府贪污文章的作家。

The most obvious variation to ovum morphological character was that the color was changed from light green to sepiaceous in embryonic development, and all the ovums were almost hatched after 96h.

在胚胎发育过程中卵的形态特征最明显的变化是颜色从淡绿到深褐色，卵在发育96h后卵基本全部孵化。