喷灌

In order to hold the best time for irrigating agriculture crop and reducing the burden of peasants, and improve the autoimmunization of irrigating agriculture crop.

为了把握农作物的最佳喷灌时间，减轻农民劳动负担，提高农作物喷灌的自动化水平，设计了钟控定时喷灌器。

Christiansen uniformity coefficient was used in this article.

喷灌均匀系数是喷灌系统设计的重要参数，而喷灌洒水与施肥的均匀性对作物产量的影响是确定均匀系数设计值的重要依据。

The distributed pattern shows different between the probability distribution of water depth of rain gauge and that of soil moisture in horizontal section of different depth.

在毛乌素沙地，喷灌前后土壤含水率等值线垂直分布均具有显著的垂直分层特征；在喷灌结束24h后，喷灌前土壤含水率的垂直分布与喷灌后土壤含水率的垂直分布间地相关性较弱；灌水前土壤初始含水率的概率分布形态均表现为较典型的左偏态分布，灌后土壤含水率分布形态表现为左偏态、右偏形态或正态分布；雨量筒水深概率分布与土壤不同深度剖面层水平方向的含水率概率分布在形态特征上表现出一定程度的差异，雨量筒水深分布与水平层土壤含水率分布、灌后相邻深度层土壤含水率分布、之间的相关程度较高，其相关性随着剖面深度和层间距的增加而降低。

In the Mu Us desert, either vertical distributions of soil moisture isogram before irrigation or vertical distributions of soil moisture isogram after irrigation shows obviously vertical-layered character. When the irrigation is finished 24 hours later, there is little correlation between vertical distributions of soil moisture isogram before irrigation and vertical distributions of soil moisture isogram after irrigation. All of probability distribution of soil water content before irrigation are left-skewed distribution, but some of probability distribution of soil water content after irrigation is left-skewed distribution, some is right-skewed distribution or normal distribution. The distributed pattern shows different between the probability distribution of water depth of rain gauge and that of soil moisture in horizontal section of different depth. There is close correlation between the distribution of water depth of rain gauge and that of soil moisture in horizontal section, but the correlation debases as the horizontal section turns deeper. Also after irrigation close correlation occurs between the distribution of soil moisture of layers bordering upon each other, but which reduces with space of different layers being larger.

在毛乌素沙地，喷灌前后土壤含水率等值线垂直分布均具有显著的垂直分层特征；在喷灌结束24h后，喷灌前土壤含水率的垂直分布与喷灌后土壤含水率的垂直分布间地相关性较弱；灌水前土壤初始含水率的概率分布形态均表现为较典型的左偏态分布，灌后土壤含水率分布形态表现为左偏态、右偏形态或正态分布；雨量筒水深概率分布与土壤不同深度剖面层水平方向的含水率概率分布在形态特征上表现出一定程度的差异，雨量筒水深分布与水平层土壤含水率分布、灌后相邻深度层土壤含水率分布、之间的相关程度较高，其相关性随着剖面深度和层间距的增加而降低。

The detailed means is proposed to apply the Water Saving Irrigation in the dry west area, based on the feasibility study of representative hungriness section. It is also a theoretical reference for all the droughty or semiarid area of north-west.

本研究在试验区内进行了滴灌、喷灌和防渗渠畦灌棉花试验，滴灌分为三种不同的节水灌溉方式处理，喷灌采用覆膜与不覆膜两种处理，防渗渠畦灌试验为对照实验。

Based on the tentatively study on vaporing-drift loss of spray irrigation in Maowusu sandlot,we draw a conclusion that wind speed and the relative humidity of air are the important factors to influnce loss of spray irrigation in there.

近年来，喷灌技术已成为解决干旱与半干旱地区缺水问题的重要节水技术措施。作为衡量喷灌工程可行性与有效性的重要指标，喷洒水利用系数也受到研究者的广泛关注。

Thereinto, drip irrigation is divided into three treatments of different ration. Tectorial and untectorial treatment are adopted to semifixation spray irrigation. At the same time, seepage-preventing trial is done. By study of one growth season, it shows that the indexes, Comparing with flood irrigation, water-saving technique has the effect of increasing production and harvest, economizing water, energy sources and field, saving work, time and power. It has best significance difference among unit yield of using different irrigation ways. The highest yield is in irrigation treatment of 80% field moisture capacity, it is secondary in seepage-preventing ditch irrigation treatment and is the lowest in spray irrigation treatment. Drip irrigation increase yield 4.0%~25.9%,Seepage-preventing ditch irrigation increase yield 17.5%, and spray irrigation decrease yield 22.4～37.8% comparing with flood irrigation. The effect to yield is obvious in drip irrigation treatment of different irrigation ration.

不同灌溉方式间单位产量存在显著差异，80％田间持水量灌溉处理产量最高，防渗渠畦灌次之，喷灌的产量最低；与土渠漫灌单位产量相比，滴灌增产4.0％～25.9％；防渗渠畦灌增产17.5％；喷灌产量下降22.4％～37.8％；滴灌试验中不同灌溉处理对产量的影响显著，随着灌溉定额的减少，产量随之下降，主要原因是60％田间持水量的灌溉处理限制了棉株的生长发育，降低了产量；不同灌溉方式的灌溉定额与绿洲内土渠漫灌平均灌溉定额相比，滴灌节水47.7％～54.4％，防渗渠畦灌节水38.56％，喷灌节水58.2％；滴灌、喷灌及防渗渠畦灌与土渠漫灌相比分别省工16.2％、25.1％和3.6％；滴灌和喷灌较防渗渠畦和土渠漫灌节地约5％～7％；从净收益来看，防渗渠畦灌较土渠漫灌经济效益提高了34.2％，滴灌提高了9.8％～48.2％，喷灌则下降了23.8％和44.7％；而且采用不同灌溉方式种植棉花，对于成铃率、衣指、衣分、纤维长度、产量等指标，滴灌要优于喷灌和防渗渠畦灌；而成铃数、种子数、铃重、籽指等指标，滴灌、喷灌均小于防渗渠畦灌。

Four methods of irrigation, trickle irrigation, portable sprinkling irrigation, porous pipe sprinkling irrigation and furrow irrigation were tes ted. It was found that all with trickle irrigation, portable sprinkling irrigation and porous pipe sprinkling irrigation have remarkabler effect on water saving than furrow irrigation.

本试验通过滴灌、微喷灌、多孔管喷灌和沟灌等四种灌水方式，得出滴灌、微喷灌和多孔管喷灌均较沟灌有明显的节水效果，节水率可达50％以上；除沟灌外，其它灌水方式棚内空气相对湿度均较低，这对缩短夜间结露时间和减轻或防止黄瓜的病害有一定的积极作用。

The damage of the pipes is accumulated in a long time, the leakage of elbows , tee joint T, even in the loop of tube union should be occurred after 3 to 5 years usage, but it's fatal to irrigation system.

同时如果喷灌使用者没有按照使用规范使用喷灌系统，将会管路摩擦损失急剧增加，产生的后果是：喷头达不到工作压力、管路水流动速度过高产生紊流而损坏管道，损坏管路的现象虽然是长时间积累的，但是有些球场在3～5年后发现弯头，三通等管件出现漏水，甚至在活套管接头处产生漏水，这对喷灌系统是致命的

Duration of inversion temperature near ground surface is longer, air temperature is lower, air humidity is higher and water surface evaporation of 20cm standard pan on the top of canopy is generally lower under sprinkler irrigation condition than those under surface irrigation condition.

喷灌跟地面灌溉相比，喷灌条件下近地面出现的逆温时间长，空气温度低，离地面1～4米高度范围内空气湿度大；冠层顶部20cm蒸发皿水面蒸发量小；喷灌条件下0～60cm土层内土壤含水量较高且变幅较小，白天地表温度低，晚上地表温度高。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新