喷出岩

It has the evolutionary character from eruptive detritus to quartzose and metamorphic detritus .

，具有从喷出岩屑向石英岩屑和变质岩屑演变的特征。

Both intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks can be further classified according to the differences of chemical and mineral compositions.

根据岩石中的化学成分和矿物成分差异，侵入岩和喷出岩可以作进一步的详细划分。

When silica content reaches 45-53 %, basic rocks become the name of this type of igneous rock in which the gabbro is the typical intrusive rock which are composed of pyroxene and calcium plagioclase, whereas basalt is the equivalent extrusive rock.

当岩石中SiO2含量在45～53%之间时，称这类火成岩为基性岩。辉长岩就是这类岩石侵入岩的典型代表，其中矿物成分为辉石，钙长石，而基性的喷出岩则称之为玄武岩。

The rocks from Sharp Island are of volcanic origin. One of the examples is the rhyolite formed by viscous lava spewed from the volcano vents can be found near the caldera edge. The southern part of Jin Island was being eroded by waves which led the head land was separared from the main rock to form sea stack called "Tiu Chung Rock". As the erosion proceeds, there is a 30m high long sea arch developed called "Tiu Chung Arch".

桥咀洲的岩石大多源於火山，其中包括流纹岩，由附近火山喷道喷出的稠熔岩形成，属破火山口边的产物；吊钟洲南面长期受著海浪拍打侵蚀，使岬角与岩体分离形成海蚀柱名为「吊钟岩」，因海浪持续的侵蚀，岩中续渐形成一个高30米的长形海蚀拱「吊钟洞」。

The rocks from Sharp Island are of volcanic origin. One of the examples is the rhyolite formed by viscous lava spewed from the volcano vents can be found near the caldera edge. As the result of weathering, the rocks here shows an attractive appearence. The tombolo here is also worth a close inspection.

桥咀洲的岩石大多源於火山，其中包括流纹岩，由附近火山喷道喷出的稠熔岩形成，属破火山口边的产物；并因长期风化，表现出迷人效果，亦有连岛沙洲地貌。

Thermodynamics calculation of fluid/rock interaction illustrates that the sea water is heated and causes K-feldsparthization of rock when it is descending, and the hot fluid is cooled when it is moving and erupting and causes albitization of rock.

通过流体—岩石平衡反应的热力学计算，首次提出本区碱交代作用可能的机制：在水—岩反应过程中，下降的海水由于被加热，使岩石发生钠长石化；热的流体在运移和喷出过程中，随着温度的降低，使岩石发生钾长石化。

5The distribution patterns of rare earth element compositions in the hydrothermal components are similar to that of pacific seawater. This infers the complex and significant interactions of hydrothermal fluid with surrounding seawater during its diffusing process. Dissolved trace metals in the hydrothermal fluid can be removed by settling terrigenous or biogenic particulates and precipitated quickly from the hydrothermal plume round the vent. On the other hand, hydrothermal particulates would also scavenge some elements from the seawater to coprecipitate into the sediments.

5岩芯沉积物中热液源组分携带的稀土元素组成具有类似海水的分布模式，反映了热液流体喷出海底后与其它物源物质之间的复杂的相互作用：一方面大量生物和陆源碎屑物质的快速沉积导致溶解态的热液源物质被快速清扫，无法向外扩散，快速堆积在热液喷口附近；另一方面，随热液羽状体向外扩散的颗粒态热液源物质也清扫海水中的元素共同进入沉积物。

The component of detritus is mainly medium-basic eruptional rocks and a few mudstone and sandstone detritus.

岩屑成分主要为中—基性喷出岩，少量为泥岩和砂岩类。

Focusing on the PGE enrichment mechanism in the basic-ultrabasic intrusions in the Panxi rift, firstly, through the interpretation of TM photograph, data processing of regional geochemical exploration and geophysical prospecting results of gravity, magnetic force and seism, we analyzed the controlling effect of structure and magmatic movement on the PGE mineralization; Secondly, through the study of volcanic apparatus, petrography, measurement of comprehensive geochemical section, isotope tracing and dating of typical PGE-rich melanocratic rock series, we discussed the sources of the PGE-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusions and basalts, their timing, evolvement sequences, the geochemical processes of magma crystallization and fractionation, and the relationship between magma evolution and structural development; Finally, through the analysis of PGE and chalcophile elements concentrations in the melanocratic rock series and the contrastive study with the Noril''sk magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposit, its related continental flood basalts and Siberia Traps, we discussed PGE mineralization characteristics and its enrichment mechanisms in the melanocratic rock series in the Panxi rift.

本项目首先围绕川西地区主要的PGE矿床及伴生矿的地质环境和有关的地质构造背景，通过TM卫片解译、区域化探和重、磁及地震物探资料分析，总体把握构造及岩浆活动对PGE成矿的控制作用；然后通过对典型富PGE暗色岩套的火山机构地质构造、岩石岩相学、地球化学、同位素定年和示踪等方面的工作，分析本区基性－超基性含矿岩体与喷出岩之间的成岩物质来源、侵入时代及演化序列，研究该区同一岩浆房分异结晶的地球化学过程及其随构造发展的耦合关系；最后通过对暗色岩套PGE地球化学剖面分析以及与俄罗斯诺里尔斯克陆内裂谷溢流型玄武岩中PGE矿化的岩石－构造环境对比研究，探讨该区暗色岩套中的矿化特点和富集部位及其PGE富集机制。

The shockwave of the meteorite strike on the terrane of the surface passes the dynamic energy to the surface and forms the target terrane shatter cone; due to the fact that the terrane of stricken surface can not maintain the state of stress, a cluster of rarefaction wave was formed behind the shockwave to decompress terrane substances from high pressure state, this cluster of rarefaction wave ejects with high speed from the interface between the substances such as meteorite, surface terrane and lava, the shockwave compresses the target terrane substances, generating super-high temperature and forming a jet current of rock mass, rock powder, lava or rock fog with high pressure and temperature, the jet current lasted until the shockwave rebounded from the backside of rock, and the target of meteorite-stricken surface is formed on surface.

陨石撞击地面岩层时的冲击波把动能传给地表产生靶岩震裂锥，由于被撞击地表岩层不能维持应力状态，冲击波后面就发展一簇稀疏波使岩层物质从高压状态下减压，在陨石、地表岩层、熔岩等物质交界处高速喷出，冲击波压缩靶点岩层物质产生超高温，成为压力大温度高的岩块、岩粉、熔岩或岩雾喷射流，直到冲击波从岩石背侧反射、地面上形成陨击靶点。

They weren't aggressive, but I yelled and threw a rock in their direction to get them off the trail and away from me, just in case.

他们没有侵略性，但我大喊，并在他们的方向扔石头让他们过的线索，远离我，以防万一。

In slot 2 in your bag put wrapping paper, quantity does not matter in this case.

在你的书包里槽2把包装纸、数量无关紧要。