商品经济

The private industry and commerce played an important role in the progress of the commodity economy,and it became the headstream of the commodity economy.

秦汉时期商品经济取得了比较大的发展，私营工商业在商品经济大发展中扮演着重要角色，成为秦汉商品经济发展的活力之源。

The labor of the so-called mankind indiscrimination has already can't carry on quantity to turn to the merchandise of each kind of various different appearance different manifestation, now then, along with merchandise economy of gradually mature with development, the merchandise of the real object appearance,the non- real object appearance and the merchandise of the diverse complication the economic form pile up one after another, the capital market of perfect all put forward a challenge to the original worth system,"labor" with"useful" challenge the standard of the worth system.

所谓的人类无差别的劳动本身已经无法针对各类各种不同形态不同表现形式的商品进行量化了，而今，随着商品经济的日渐成熟与发展，实物形态、非实物形态的商品和多样化复杂化的商品经济形式层出不穷，资本市场的完善都对原有的价值体系提出挑战，"劳动"与"有用"挑战着价值体系的标准。

As one of the most important civil liabilities, with the legal system being improved day by day, the joint and several liability is the fruit of commercial economic development .

侵权连带责任作为一种重要的民事责任形式，是商品经济发展的产物，伴随着商品经济的发展、法律体系的健全，侵权连带责任理论和制度也在不断发展并日趋完善。

But, it is worth noticing that the commodity economy in the some romote regions got a faster development on the base of Qin and Han era because of the relative peace of environment and the strengthening of political situation.

不过，值得注意的是在某些边远地区，由于环境的相对安宁和政治地位的加强，其商品经济在秦汉的基础上获得了较大的发展。南方商品经济发展，是推动江南开发和经济重心南移的重要因素之一。

After the intermediate stage in the Medieval Europe, the deed theories of Hebrew culture was not only enormously promoted the economic development , with contracting freedom inherited from the ancient Rome culture, Moreover, it had expedited the people sovereignty theories. After the combination of the neoteric commodity economy with the theories of Christianity\'s original sin, belief doctrine, and the wealth view, which gave birth to the supreme status of constitution, and the conception of equality, freedom, and so on. Christianity\'s wealth view (especially the Protestantism ethics) enormously promoted the capitalism expansion and finally forms the conception that private property are sacrosanctity. The ideology of successive authority restriction from Christianity, and the Christianity\'s exercise to partial legislative power and jurisdiction power, combined with autonomous cities based on commodity economy, and the political phenomenon that merchants exerted legislative power and jurisdiction power. Those had made the mundane ruler such as king, and so on, could only take the exertion of tax revenue power as the main symbol administrative authorities. It provided historical and psychological foundation for the birth of modern decentralization theories .

希伯来文化中的"约"和古罗马的契约自由不仅极大地促进中世纪中期以后欧洲商品经济的发展，而且催生了人民主权理念；基督教的"原罪说"、信仰主义和财富观等与近代商品经济的结合，生成了宪法至上及平等、自由等权利观念；基督教的财富观极大地促进了资本主义扩大再生产的实现并最终形成私有财产神圣不可侵犯的财产权观念；基督教会传承的权力制约思想及基督教会对部分立法权和司法权的行使，与建立在商品经济基础上的自治城市及商人行使立法权、司法权等政治现象相耦合，使得国王等世俗的统治者习惯于只行使以税收权为主要标志的行政权，为近代分权学说的产生和分权制度的建立提供了历史和心理的基础。

After the intermediate stage in the Medieval Europe, the deed theories of Hebrew culture was not only enormously promoted the economic development , with contracting freedom inherited from the ancient Rome culture, Moreover, it had expedited the people sovereignty theories. After the combination of the neoteric commodity economy with the theories of Christianity"s original sin, belief doctrine, and the wealth view, which gave birth to the supreme status of constitution, and the conception of equality, freedom, and so on. Christianity"s wealth view (especially the Protestantism ethics) enormously promoted the capitalism expansion and finally forms the conception that private property are sacrosanctity. The ideology of successive authority restriction from Christianity, and the Christianitys exercise to partial legislative power and jurisdiction power, combined with autonomous cities based on commodity economy, and the political phenomenon that merchants exerted legislative power and jurisdiction power. Those had made the mundane ruler such as king, and so on, could only take the exertion of tax revenue power as the main symbol administrative authorities. It provided historical and psychological foundation for the birth of modern decentralization theories .

希伯来文化中的"约"和古罗马的契约自由不仅极大地促进中世纪中期以后欧洲商品经济的发展，而且催生了人民主权理念；基督教的"原罪说"、信仰主义和财富观等与近代商品经济的结合，生成了宪法至上及平等、自由等权利观念；基督教的财富观极大地促进了资本主义扩大再生产的实现并最终形成私有财产神圣不可侵犯的财产权观念；基督教会传承的权力制约思想及基督教会对部分立法权和司法权的行使，与建立在商品经济基础上的自治城市及商人行使立法权、司法权等政治现象相耦合，使得国王等世俗的统治者习惯于只行使以税收权为主要标志的行政权，为近代分权学说的产生和分权制度的建立提供了历史和心理的基础。

Characteristics of the development of commodity economy in the feudal Chinese society have remained an important issuein the study of commodity economy history.,the explora-tion of the characteristics of the development of the commodi-ty economy in the feudal Chinese society must first depend on a complete description of the situation of its own rather thanjust a simple comparison between the feudal Chinese landlord system and the Western European suzerain system.

封建商品的特点是商品经济史中一个首要的重大。对这个问题的认识应以对其本身的研究为基础，而不能将中国的封建地主制与西欧的封建领主制作简单对比。中国封建社会商品经济的特殊性主要表现在：它的发展经历了三个高峰，并形成了多层次和多元化发展封建商品的特点是商品经济史中一个首要的重大。对这个问题的认识应以对其本身的研究为基础，而不能将中国的封建地主制与西欧的封建领主制作简单对比。

The region surrounding Taiwan Strait includes Taiwan Island, Fujian Province and Chaozhou of Guangdong Province. In about 1500 (the middle period of Ming Dynasty ), the system of paying tribute and corvee was collapsed, the tenant's managing right was extended and the commercial capital seeped into agriculture. Under the circumstances, the local commodity economy was fully-developed, and the long distance trade between mountainous areas and forelands occurred. But both the domestic and overseas markets were limited, and so was the development of commodity economy in Min-chao area, because the sea route was not straightway in the middle period of Ming Dynasty.

环台湾海峡区域主要是指台湾岛及海峡西岸闽江流域与韩江流域之间的福建省与广东潮州区域。1500年前后，在贡徭制崩溃、佃农经营权扩大、商业资本进入农业的背景下，当地的商品经济已有相当的发展，山区与沿海的长距离贸易发生，但因海路不通，国内市场与海外市场有限，明中叶闽潮商品经济的发展也是有限度的。

One article, designation criticizes Li Bingyan, think Zhuo Jiong did not offer theory of economy of goods of in a planned way, consider as Hu Benren to went up without stannic conference 1979 most offerred theory of economy of goods of in a planned way first, the attention that caused economics bound and discuss.

一文，指名批评李炳炎，认为卓炯并没有提出有计划商品经济理论，认为是胡本人在1979年无锡会议上最先提出了有计划商品经济理论，引起了经济学界的关注与讨论。

From the foundation of China to pre-reformation, China had been exercising the highly centralized planned economy system.

中国古代虽然是一个自给自足的自然经济社会，但在以农为本的主流经济之外，也存在着商品经济缓慢发展的空间和可能，从而在客观上促进了契约秩序的萌生；只是到了近代社会，在商品经济有了一定程度的发展之后，中国才真正开始了构建契约秩序的尝试。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。