商业银行

Secondly, the author completely combs and sums up the credit system at different stage. The thesis analyzes the transformation of China's credit system after the foundation of New China. The thesis compares the characteristics and performance of different credit system; understand the historical status of credit system, Summarizes the deficiency in order to improve credit system arrangement.Thirdly, by analyzing an example of how middle size enterprises finance, we conclude that middle and small size company can avoid credit admeasure by the innovation of credit system.

论文分析了从新中国成立至今我国商业银行信贷制度的变迁，通过对不同阶段信贷制度安排的特点以及绩效的比较，了解我国商业银行信贷制度的历史状况，并总结不足，以有利于今后更好的完善。3、通过一个中小企业融资的案例的实证分析，得出银行信贷制度的创新可以使小企业的信贷避免遭遇信贷配给，同时大银行利用平台贷款可以在小企业贷款中降低交易成本，获取比较优势。4、对商业银行信贷制度做了具体细致的研究。

Based on reviewing the banking reform experience of Eastern European countries, we propose seven propositions on China's banking sector reform and empirically vitrify seven propositions using data from 21 banks between 1999 and 2006 ,then draw final conclusions: foreign banks entry lower the profit rate of hosting country banking industry in short-term, improve host country banking's risk management skills

本文在综述东欧国家银行业改革经验的基础上提出中国银行业改革的七个命题，并用中国24家银行1999-2006年间的数据构建模型进行检验，最后得出结论：短期内外资银行进入导致东道国银行业利润水平下降、风险管理水平上升，在中国的背景下可以认定这是外资银行积极作用开始发挥；外资银行机构数量的增加和持股比重的上升都能刺激中国银行业效率的改进，但是外资银行持股比重的影响更具普遍性；不同类型银行对外资银行进入的反应存在差异，国有商业银行反应比较迟钝而股份制和城市商业银行反应比较迅速。

In order to create a bonding companies, commercial banks, a win-win situation among SMEs in Zhejiang Mullerian guarantee company and the China Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China Communications, China Construction Bank, Hangzhou Minsheng Bank, Shenzhen Development Bank, Shanghai Pudong Development Bank , Industrial Bank, Huzhou Commercial Bank, CITIC Bank, Wu rural cooperative banks and other barriers to build a coalition.

为了营造担保公司、商业银行、中小企业之间的多赢格局，浙江繆氏担保公司与中国工商银行、中国农业银行、交通银行、中国建设银行、杭州民生银行、深圳发展银行、上海浦东发展银行、兴业银行、湖州商业银行、中信银行、吴兴农村合作银行等筑起联盟的壁垒。

The main contributions of this research lie in that, Firstly, with reference to major research in this field, the study does not confine itself to the common methods used. With the study of the foundermental financial institutions as a starting analysis point, it helps to broaden the view of international academic research on operational risks, and deepen the understanding of the intensions, characteristics and attributes of commercial banking operational risks. Secondly, studying operational risks on the basis of the unique economic and institutional conditions of China and utilizing the concept of operational risks to redissect the risk structure of SOBs contributes to the comprehensive understanding of the root risk structure of China's financial risks and the practical difficulties encountered in the governance of SOBs. It also helps to implore how to combine the international standard rules with the economic development and the financial system reform.

本研究的主要意义在于：第一，博采众长，不拘泥于现有银行风险研究方法，从对基本金融制度的探讨展开分析，有助于拓宽学术界研究操作风险的视角，同时也深化了对商业银行操作风险的内涵、特征和属性的认识；第二，立足中国国情研究操作风险，利用操作风险概念重新解析国有商业银行风险结构，有助于更全面地理解中国金融风险的深层结构和中国国有银行治理的真正困难，为探索如何将国际通行规则与中国经济发展和金融体制改革有机结合开辟了新思路；第三，在理论研究和实证研究的基础上，为商业银行操作风险管理和监管部门监管提供对策，对于操作风险管理和监管的现实操作具有借鉴意义。

This article sells goods for the state open style fund this service through the research commercial bank, makes every effort to explain and to excavate the commercial bank in to sell foods for the state aeries of questions which in the open style fund process initiates, and the union sells goods for the state the open style fund to analyze to commercial bank's actual influence, proposed as far as possible the commercial bank optimizes develops open style fund service some conception and the countermeasure.

本文通过研究商业银行代销开放式基金这一业务，力求阐释和挖掘商业银行在代销开放式基金过程中存在的一些问题，并结合代销开放式基金对商业银行的实际影响予以剖析，尽可能地提出商业银行优化发展开放式基金业务的一些构想与对策。

In regard to the above, this dissertation bring up some methods to enhance Chinese commercial banks efficiency: establishing an efficient market structure of commercial banking industry , refounding a good profit-making model, reconstructing banking organization and reforming the property-rights structure of Stated-Own commercial banks.

针对上述原因，本文提出了提升我国商业银行效率的主要途径：构建有效的银行业市场结构、重塑商业银行盈利模式、重构国有商业银行组织形式以及对国有商业银行进行有效的产权改革。

From the point of practice and dvelopment, how to impove the ability of credit risk management for Yinchuan city commercial bank is discussed surrounding the client raiting and credit extention, measures of credit risk, management strategies of credit risk, conclusions of the paper are listed as the following:Through positive analysis, the current methods of client rating and credit extension is simple and convenient for application, there are four disadvantages in index system of it: non-customer subdivision, non-consideration factors on industrial risks, larger quantitative indicators ratio, non-consideration factors on affiliated enterprise risk, and some corrective measures are put forward to solve it, customer subdivision, factors-added on industrial risks, set stationarity indices ratio in reason, factors-added on affiliated enterprise risk; From the point of development, Based on the technology of Value-at-Risk and CreditMetrics model we discussed the methods of credit risk analysis and measurement and gave the example of how to calculate the VaR value of individual loan and combined loan; This paper probes into the strategies which raise the ability of credit risk management for Yinchuan city commercial bank from five aspects, including strengthen the inner control, improve the technique level of risk management through information technique, solve the problem of non-performing loan, adjust the credit orientation and structure, foster credit culture with its core based on risk control.

从实践和发展的角度出发，围绕客户评级授信、信贷风险测量、信贷风险管理策略三个方面，就如何提高银川市商业银行信贷风险管理水平展开研究，得出以下结论：通过实证分析，银川市商业银行现有的客户评级授信方法具有方法简单、易于推广的优点，但客户评级授信指标体系具有客户分组不细、未考虑行业风险因素、定量指标占比过大、未考虑关联企业风险因素的缺点，应通过细化客户分组，增加行业风险因素指标、合理设定定性指标比重、增加关联企业风险评价指标等措施进行改进；从发展的角度出发，在基于VaR框架和CreditMetrics模型技术的基础上，探讨了银川市商业银行信贷风险分析和度量的方法，给出了采用CreditMetrics模型技术计算单笔贷款、组合贷款VAR值的例子；从五个角度探讨了提高银川市商业银行信贷风险管理能力的策略和手段，包括强化信贷风险内控管理机制、利用信息技术提高信贷风险管理技术水平、综合治理化解不良资产、调整信贷结构、建立以风险控制为核心的信贷文化等对策。

The particularity of the banking and special position in social economic development of commercial banks determined that it is different from compar...

商业银行的特殊性以及商业银行在国民经济中的特殊地位，决定了商业银行的市场退出与普通企业相比有着很大得不同；为稳定金融秩序乃至社会秩序，妥善解决债务问题是商业银行市场退出的关键。

One is lay particular emphasis on the tiny view angle, invest the domestic stock certificate company conversion is previous for real investment bank, commercial bank how rushed ahead the angle of the development investment bank business, try to research the exhibition investment bank business to search the path for the commercial bank.

本文综合采用了实证分析和规范分析相结合、归纳与演绎相结合的研究方法，辅以国内外商业银行发展投资银行业务的对比研究，探索国外成熟的业务发展模式给予我国商业银行的启示，最终对商业银行发展投资银行业务提出了大胆的发展构想。

With the financial supervision departments to strengthen supervision of commercial banks and commercial banks to the deepening of its reform, China's commercial banks to gradually improve the internal control, or commercial banks, however some problems, such as the internal control system it is difficult to adapt to business development; Weak internal audit; Perfect risk control system; Loans "Richard III" in the implementation of the system to be further strengthened and so on.

随着金融监管部门对商业银行监管的强化以及商业银行自身改革的深入，我国商业银行内部控制逐渐完善，然而我国商业银行还是存在的一些问题，如内部控制制度难以适应业务的发展；内部审计乏力；风险控制系统不完善；贷款&三查&制度在执行上有待进一步加强等等。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。