商业银行

Chapter Three expounds the contents of the main risks confronted our state-owned commercial banks in current situation and then analyzed the cause of formation of the main risks. I hold the opinion that the key factors that curb the improvement of risk management in our state-owned banks are as follows: the limitation of the property right system, the imperfectness of the credit legal system and the backwardness of the technological means in risk management.

第三章阐述了现阶段我国商业银行面临的主要风险的内容，随后分析了主要风险的成因，认为产权制度缺陷、外部市场缺陷、信用法制环境不完善，风险管理的技术手段落后是制约目前国有商业银行风险管理能力提高的关键因素。

While some thrift institutions have acquired demand deposit authority, their participation in money creation is limited relative to banks which hold nearly all business demand deposits and the majority of individual and government demand deposits.

尽管一些储蓄机构也获得了提供活期存款的授权，但与商业银行相比它们创造信用的能力十分有限，由于商业银行拥有几乎所有企业的活期存款、绝大部分个人和政府的活期存款。

In this paper, both quantitative method and logical discursion are applied. After analyzing the influence of tax-burden on banks' operating in an all-round way, based on the data(1996-2007)of seven commercial banks that have been listed. The paper makes an empirical study on the correlation between the tax-burden and the profitability of commercial banks.

本文采用理论与实证结合的方法，在对我国现行银行税负对银行经营影响的一般分析基础上，利用我国七家已上市商业银行1996-2007年的数据对银行税收负担与银行盈利能力的关系进行了实证检验。

So, it is very important and necessary for Chinese commercial bank management how to deal with interest rate fluctuating acutely, study actively advanced interest rate risk measurement from overseas, while, take into account situation of Chinese commercial bank to choose appropriate interest rate risk measurement model, and establish effective interest rate risk management mechanism.

因此，如何应对利率日益波动剧烈的形势，积极学习国外先进的利率风险测度技术，并充分考虑我国商业银行的实际情况，选择适合自身的利率风险衡量模型，建立行之有效的利率风险管理机制是我国商业银行利率风险管理的当务之急。

This article estimates the extreme loss distribution with extreme value theory, estimates the shape parameter with HKKP estimator, which is unbiased to small sample data, selects the right threshold by selecting smallest mean square error of the estimated cumulative distribution function and empirical cumulative distribution function and based on the extreme value theory method, this article estimates the extreme loss distribution and the p-percentile operational loss under certain believe range for Chinese commercial banks, then calculates the operational risk supervise capital.

本文利用极值理论对中国商业银行操作损失极端值分布进行估计，针对尾参数估计的来用传统Hill佑计对小样本数据容易产生偏倚的情况，提出了采用Hill佑计的改进―小样本无偏估计的HKKP佑计来估计操作损失的尾参数，针对由于阈值确定不准确导致结果偏差大的情况，采用最小化估计的累计概率分布与经验累计概率分布平均平方误差的方法确定较精确的阈值，估计出给定置信水平下操作风险损失的分位数，从而使得中国商业银行操作风险监管资本的测定成为可能。

Due to the reason of very few academic articles and researches in this area, this subject is accordingly picked for analysis and epagoge through combining the organization theory and practices of Chinese banks, which is believed to be necessary and realistic.

故选择此课题，将组织理论和我国商业银行实践有机结合进行分析归纳，颇具必要性和现实性。本文从组织理论原理入手，指出组织理论在商业银行管理中的应用主要表现为组织结构和组织设计。

This can be explained by limited rations of commercial banks, avoiding risk, departures of expectative economic environments from monetary policy aims, the existence of bureaus asymmetric information, and the behavior games between commercial banks and the bureaus, etc.

此种现象可以由商业银行的有限理性、风险规避、对经济环境的预期与货币政策意图不一致、和货币当局信息不对称的存在以及商业银行与货币当局的行为博弈中得到解释。

Secondly, this paper briefly introduces the development background of western commercial banks and analyzes the development course of their intermediary business both interiorly and exteriorly, and concludes the international references for the development of intermediary business of commercial banks through analysis of current development of intermediary business of western commercial banks.

然后，通过对中国金融年鉴近五年的数据，对我国13家商业银行的损益表进行了深入分析，揭示出我国与西方商业银行相比，中间业务在品种开发、中间业务收费、收入所占比重、管理等方面都存在一定差距。

However, risk is in the middle of the commercial bank behavior research but did not get the full and accurate reflection always, so can't reveal the behavior of the commercial bank fittingly.

然而，风险在商业银行行为研究当中却始终没有得到充分的、准确的反映，所以无法恰当地揭示商业银行的行为。

In order to keep up with the advanced approaches which international banks use nowadays, in this paper we present a new credit risk rating model, based on Principal Components and fizzy BP nerve network.

本文在对我国商业银行当前信用评级过程中存在的问题的认识和国内外相关研究成果的比较分析的基础上，提出了构建我国商业银行信用风险预警模型，所选用的研究方法有主成分分析法、模糊BP神经网络法。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。